Inhibiting vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation mediated by osteopontin via regulating gut microbial lipopolysaccharide: A novel mechanism for paeonol in atherosclerosis treatment

Background: Although the gut microbiota is involved in metabolic disease such as atherosclerosis, the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Paeonol (Pae) is a natural phenolic compound isolated from Cortex Moutan, which exhibits anti-atherosclerotic effects. Our previous research demonstrated gut microbiota as a site of Pae action. However, the mechanism by which Pae exerts its anti-atherosclerotic effect by the regulation of gut microbiota remains unclear. Objective: To investigate a potential mechanistic link between the gut microbial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation in atherosclerosis progression and explore the possible role of Pae. Methods: Experimental atherosclerosis was established in ApoE(−/−) mice, and the atherosclerosis mice were treated with Pae for 4 weeks before being sacrificed for analyses while conducting fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT). The plaque area, levels of serum LPS, expressions of inflammatory factors in serum or aorta, and intestinal barrier permeability were determined. VSMCs were co-cultured with THP-1 cells. CCK-8 assay and EdU staining were performed to assess the proliferative capacity of VSMCs. Immunofluorescence staining was performed to observe the nuclear transfer of p65. Western blotting was used to detect the candidate protein expression level, and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression level in tissues or cells of each group. Results: During atherosclerosis progression, gut dysbiosis leads to the peripheral accumulation of gut microbial LPS, which acts as a trigger to stimulate osteopontin (OPN) production from circulating monocytes, inducing cell-to-cell crosstalk to promote VSMC proliferation in the aorta. Importantly, the elevation of LPS and OPN concentrations in the blood was also observed in patients with atherosclerosis. Pae could significantly improve atherosclerosis, suppress gut microbial LPS accumulation, and inhibit monocyte/macrophage activation and VSMC proliferation. Conclusions: The present study provides a mechanistic scenario for how long-term stimulation of gut microbial LPS in circulating blood generates a pathological secondary response that leads to abnormal proliferation of VSMCs using high OPN expression in circulating monocytes and suggests a novel strategy for atherosclerosis therapy by remodeling the gut microbiota.