Regulation of the Keap1-Nrf2 Signaling Axis by Glycyrrhetinic Acid Promoted Oxidative Stress-Induced H(9)C(2) Cell Apoptosis

Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) could interfere with the physiological capacities of H(9)C(2) cells and cause cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Glycyrrhetinic acid (GA), one of the main medicinal component of Glycyrrhetinic Radix et Rhizoma, shows toxic and adverse side effects in the clinic setting. In particular, some studies have reported that GA exerts toxic effects on H(9)C(2) cells. The purpose of this study is to assess the effect of GA-induced oxidative stress on cultured H(9)C(2) cells and reveal the relevant signaling pathways. LDH assay was used to assess cell damage. Apoptosis was detected using Hoechst 33242 and a propidium iodide (PI) assay. An Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/PI double-staining assay was utilized to investigate GA-induced apoptosis in H(9)C(2) cells. The expression level of specific genes/proteins was evaluated by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Flow cytometry and DCFH-DA fluorescent testing were used to determine the ROS levels of H(9)C(2) cells. The potential mechanism of GA-induced cardiomyocyte injury was also investigated. GA treatment increased ROS generation and mitochondrial membrane depolarization and triggered caspase-3/9 activation and apoptosis. GA treatment also caused the nuclear translocation of NF-E2-related factor 2 after its dissociation from Keap1. This change was accompanied by a dose-dependent decline in the expression of the downstream target gene heme oxygenase-1. The findings demonstrated that GA could regulate the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling axis and induce oxidative stress to promote the apoptosis of H(9)C(2) cells.