Inhibition of GABA(A) receptors in intestinal stem cells prevents chemoradiotherapy-induced intestinal toxicity

Lethal intestinal tissue toxicity is a common side effect and a dose-limiting factor in chemoradiotherapy. Chemoradiotherapy can trigger DNA damage and induce P53-dependent apoptosis in LGR5(+) intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its A receptors (GABA(A)R) are present in the gastrointestinal tract. However, the functioning of the GABAergic system in ISCs is poorly defined. We found that GABA(A)R α1 (GABRA1) levels increased in the murine intestine after chemoradiotherapy. GABRA1 depletion in LGR5(+) ISCs protected the intestine from chemoradiotherapy-induced P53-dependent apoptosis and prolonged animal survival. The administration of bicuculline, a GABA(A)R antagonist, prevented chemoradiotherapy-induced ISC loss and intestinal damage without reducing the chemoradiosensitivity of tumors. Mechanistically, it was associated with the reduction of reactive oxygen species–induced DNA damage via the L-type voltage–dependent Ca(2+) channels. Notably, flumazenil, a GABA(A)R antagonist approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, rescued human colonic organoids from chemoradiotherapy-induced toxicity. Therefore, flumazenil may be a promising drug for reducing the gastrointestinal side effects of chemoradiotherapy.