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A Comprehensive Survey of Depth Completion Approaches

Depth maps produced by LiDAR-based approaches are sparse. Even high-end LiDAR sensors produce highly sparse depth maps, which are also noisy around the object boundaries. Depth completion is the task of generating a dense depth map from a sparse depth map. While the earlier approaches focused on dir...

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Autores principales: Khan, Muhammad Ahmed Ullah, Nazir, Danish, Pagani, Alain, Mokayed, Hamam, Liwicki, Marcus, Stricker, Didier, Afzal, Muhammad Zeshan
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9506233/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36146318
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22186969
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author Khan, Muhammad Ahmed Ullah
Nazir, Danish
Pagani, Alain
Mokayed, Hamam
Liwicki, Marcus
Stricker, Didier
Afzal, Muhammad Zeshan
author_facet Khan, Muhammad Ahmed Ullah
Nazir, Danish
Pagani, Alain
Mokayed, Hamam
Liwicki, Marcus
Stricker, Didier
Afzal, Muhammad Zeshan
author_sort Khan, Muhammad Ahmed Ullah
collection PubMed
description Depth maps produced by LiDAR-based approaches are sparse. Even high-end LiDAR sensors produce highly sparse depth maps, which are also noisy around the object boundaries. Depth completion is the task of generating a dense depth map from a sparse depth map. While the earlier approaches focused on directly completing this sparsity from the sparse depth maps, modern techniques use RGB images as a guidance tool to resolve this problem. Whilst many others rely on affinity matrices for depth completion. Based on these approaches, we have divided the literature into two major categories; unguided methods and image-guided methods. The latter is further subdivided into multi-branch and spatial propagation networks. The multi-branch networks further have a sub-category named image-guided filtering. In this paper, for the first time ever we present a comprehensive survey of depth completion methods. We present a novel taxonomy of depth completion approaches, review in detail different state-of-the-art techniques within each category for depth completion of LiDAR data, and provide quantitative results for the approaches on KITTI and NYUv2 depth completion benchmark datasets.
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spelling pubmed-95062332022-09-24 A Comprehensive Survey of Depth Completion Approaches Khan, Muhammad Ahmed Ullah Nazir, Danish Pagani, Alain Mokayed, Hamam Liwicki, Marcus Stricker, Didier Afzal, Muhammad Zeshan Sensors (Basel) Review Depth maps produced by LiDAR-based approaches are sparse. Even high-end LiDAR sensors produce highly sparse depth maps, which are also noisy around the object boundaries. Depth completion is the task of generating a dense depth map from a sparse depth map. While the earlier approaches focused on directly completing this sparsity from the sparse depth maps, modern techniques use RGB images as a guidance tool to resolve this problem. Whilst many others rely on affinity matrices for depth completion. Based on these approaches, we have divided the literature into two major categories; unguided methods and image-guided methods. The latter is further subdivided into multi-branch and spatial propagation networks. The multi-branch networks further have a sub-category named image-guided filtering. In this paper, for the first time ever we present a comprehensive survey of depth completion methods. We present a novel taxonomy of depth completion approaches, review in detail different state-of-the-art techniques within each category for depth completion of LiDAR data, and provide quantitative results for the approaches on KITTI and NYUv2 depth completion benchmark datasets. MDPI 2022-09-14 /pmc/articles/PMC9506233/ /pubmed/36146318 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22186969 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Review
Khan, Muhammad Ahmed Ullah
Nazir, Danish
Pagani, Alain
Mokayed, Hamam
Liwicki, Marcus
Stricker, Didier
Afzal, Muhammad Zeshan
A Comprehensive Survey of Depth Completion Approaches
title A Comprehensive Survey of Depth Completion Approaches
title_full A Comprehensive Survey of Depth Completion Approaches
title_fullStr A Comprehensive Survey of Depth Completion Approaches
title_full_unstemmed A Comprehensive Survey of Depth Completion Approaches
title_short A Comprehensive Survey of Depth Completion Approaches
title_sort comprehensive survey of depth completion approaches
topic Review
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9506233/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36146318
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s22186969
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