Cargando…
Dietary intake and major source foods of vitamin E among Koreans: findings of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2019
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Vitamin E is essential for health, and although vitamin E deficiency seems rare in humans, studies on estimates of dietary intake are lacking. This study aimed to estimate dietary vitamin E intake, evaluate dietary adequacy of vitamin E, and detail major food sources of vitami...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
The Korean Nutrition Society and the Korean Society of Community Nutrition
2022
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9523202/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36238383 http://dx.doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2022.16.5.616 |
_version_ | 1784800221294755840 |
---|---|
author | Shim, Jee-Seon Kim, Ki Nam Lee, Jung-sug Yoon, Mi Ock Lee, Hyun Sook |
author_facet | Shim, Jee-Seon Kim, Ki Nam Lee, Jung-sug Yoon, Mi Ock Lee, Hyun Sook |
author_sort | Shim, Jee-Seon |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Vitamin E is essential for health, and although vitamin E deficiency seems rare in humans, studies on estimates of dietary intake are lacking. This study aimed to estimate dietary vitamin E intake, evaluate dietary adequacy of vitamin E, and detail major food sources of vitamin E in the Korean population. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2016–2019. Individuals aged ≥ 1 year that participated in a nutrition survey (n = 28,418) were included. Dietary intake was assessed by 24-h recall and individual dietary vitamin E intake was estimated using a newly established vitamin E database. Dietary adequacy was evaluated by comparing dietary intake with adequate intake (AI) as defined by Korean Dietary Reference Intakes 2020. RESULTS: For all study subjects, mean daily total vitamin E intake was 7.00 mg α-tocopherol equivalents, which was 61.6% of AI. The proportion of individuals that consumed vitamin E at above the AI was 12.9%. Inadequate intake was observed more in females, older individuals, rural residents, and those with a low income. Mean daily intakes of tocopherol (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-forms) and tocotrienol were 6.02, 0.30, 6.19, 1.63, and 1.61 mg, respectively. The major food groups that contributed to total dietary vitamin E intake were grains (22.3%), seasonings (17.0%), vegetables (15.3%), and fish, and shellfish (7.4%). The top 5 individual food items that contributed to total vitamin E intake were baechu kimchi, red pepper powder, eggs, soybean oil, and rice. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that mean dietary vitamin E intake by Koreans did not meet the reference adequate intake value. To better understand the status of vitamin E intake, further research is needed that considers intake from dietary supplements. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9523202 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2022 |
publisher | The Korean Nutrition Society and the Korean Society of Community Nutrition |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-95232022022-10-12 Dietary intake and major source foods of vitamin E among Koreans: findings of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2019 Shim, Jee-Seon Kim, Ki Nam Lee, Jung-sug Yoon, Mi Ock Lee, Hyun Sook Nutr Res Pract Original Research BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Vitamin E is essential for health, and although vitamin E deficiency seems rare in humans, studies on estimates of dietary intake are lacking. This study aimed to estimate dietary vitamin E intake, evaluate dietary adequacy of vitamin E, and detail major food sources of vitamin E in the Korean population. SUBJECTS/METHODS: This study used data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2016–2019. Individuals aged ≥ 1 year that participated in a nutrition survey (n = 28,418) were included. Dietary intake was assessed by 24-h recall and individual dietary vitamin E intake was estimated using a newly established vitamin E database. Dietary adequacy was evaluated by comparing dietary intake with adequate intake (AI) as defined by Korean Dietary Reference Intakes 2020. RESULTS: For all study subjects, mean daily total vitamin E intake was 7.00 mg α-tocopherol equivalents, which was 61.6% of AI. The proportion of individuals that consumed vitamin E at above the AI was 12.9%. Inadequate intake was observed more in females, older individuals, rural residents, and those with a low income. Mean daily intakes of tocopherol (α-, β-, γ-, and δ-forms) and tocotrienol were 6.02, 0.30, 6.19, 1.63, and 1.61 mg, respectively. The major food groups that contributed to total dietary vitamin E intake were grains (22.3%), seasonings (17.0%), vegetables (15.3%), and fish, and shellfish (7.4%). The top 5 individual food items that contributed to total vitamin E intake were baechu kimchi, red pepper powder, eggs, soybean oil, and rice. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows that mean dietary vitamin E intake by Koreans did not meet the reference adequate intake value. To better understand the status of vitamin E intake, further research is needed that considers intake from dietary supplements. The Korean Nutrition Society and the Korean Society of Community Nutrition 2022-10 2021-12-28 /pmc/articles/PMC9523202/ /pubmed/36238383 http://dx.doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2022.16.5.616 Text en ©2022 The Korean Nutrition Society and the Korean Society of Community Nutrition https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Original Research Shim, Jee-Seon Kim, Ki Nam Lee, Jung-sug Yoon, Mi Ock Lee, Hyun Sook Dietary intake and major source foods of vitamin E among Koreans: findings of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2019 |
title | Dietary intake and major source foods of vitamin E among Koreans: findings of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2019 |
title_full | Dietary intake and major source foods of vitamin E among Koreans: findings of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2019 |
title_fullStr | Dietary intake and major source foods of vitamin E among Koreans: findings of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2019 |
title_full_unstemmed | Dietary intake and major source foods of vitamin E among Koreans: findings of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2019 |
title_short | Dietary intake and major source foods of vitamin E among Koreans: findings of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2019 |
title_sort | dietary intake and major source foods of vitamin e among koreans: findings of the korea national health and nutrition examination survey 2016–2019 |
topic | Original Research |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9523202/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36238383 http://dx.doi.org/10.4162/nrp.2022.16.5.616 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT shimjeeseon dietaryintakeandmajorsourcefoodsofvitamineamongkoreansfindingsofthekoreanationalhealthandnutritionexaminationsurvey20162019 AT kimkinam dietaryintakeandmajorsourcefoodsofvitamineamongkoreansfindingsofthekoreanationalhealthandnutritionexaminationsurvey20162019 AT leejungsug dietaryintakeandmajorsourcefoodsofvitamineamongkoreansfindingsofthekoreanationalhealthandnutritionexaminationsurvey20162019 AT yoonmiock dietaryintakeandmajorsourcefoodsofvitamineamongkoreansfindingsofthekoreanationalhealthandnutritionexaminationsurvey20162019 AT leehyunsook dietaryintakeandmajorsourcefoodsofvitamineamongkoreansfindingsofthekoreanationalhealthandnutritionexaminationsurvey20162019 |