HDACi promotes inflammatory remodeling of the tumor microenvironment to enhance epitope spreading and antitumor immunity

Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) with tumor-specific memory T cells has shown increasing efficacy in regressing solid tumors. However, tumor antigen heterogeneity represents a longitudinal challenge for durable clinical responses due to the therapeutic selective pressure for immune escape variants. Here, we demonstrated that delivery of the class I histone deacetylase inhibitor MS-275 promoted sustained tumor regression by synergizing with ACT in a coordinated manner to enhance cellular apoptosis. We found that MS-275 altered the tumor inflammatory landscape to support antitumor immunoactivation through the recruitment and maturation of cross-presenting CD103(+) and CD8(+) DCs and depletion of Tregs. Activated endogenous CD8(+) T cell responses against nontarget tumor antigens were critically required for the prevention of tumor recurrence. Importantly, MS-275 altered the immunodominance hierarchy by directing epitope spreading toward the endogenous retroviral tumor–associated antigen p15E. Our data suggest that MS-275 in combination with ACT multimechanistically enhanced epitope spreading and promoted long-term clearance of solid tumors.