Pharmacological Inhibition of Chitotriosidase (CHIT1) as a Novel Therapeutic Approach for Sarcoidosis

INTRODUCTION: Sarcoidosis is a systemic disease of unknown etiology characterized by granuloma formation in the affected tissues. The pathologically activated macrophages are causatively implicated in disease pathogenesis and play important role in granuloma formation. Chitotriosidase (CHIT1), macrophage-derived protein, is upregulated in sarcoidosis and its levels correlate with disease severity implicating CHIT1 in pathology. METHODS: CHIT1 was evaluated in serum and bronchial mucosa and mediastinal lymph nodes specimens from sarcoidosis patients. The therapeutic efficacy of OATD-01 was assessed ex vivo on human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) macrophages and in vivo in the murine models of granulomatous inflammation. RESULTS: CHIT1 activity was significantly upregulated in serum from sarcoidosis patients. CHIT1 expression was restricted to granulomas and localized in macrophages. Ex vivo OATD-01 inhibited pro-inflammatory mediators’ production (CCL4, IL-15) by lung macrophages. In the acute model of granulomatous inflammation in mice, OATD-01 showed anti-inflammatory effects reducing the percentage of neutrophils and CCL4 concentration in BALF. In the chronic model, inhibition of CHIT1 led to a decrease in the number of organized lung granulomas and the expression of sarcoidosis-associated genes. CONCLUSION: In summary, CHIT1 activity was increased in sarcoidosis patients and OATD-01, a first-in-class CHIT1 inhibitor, demonstrated efficacy in murine models of granulomatous inflammation providing a proof-of-concept for its clinical evaluation in sarcoidosis.