Adeno-associated virus-based caveolin-1 delivery via different routes for the prevention of cholesterol gallstone formation

BACKGROUND: Hepatic caveolin-1 (CAV1) is reduced in cholesterol gallstone disease (CGD). Mice with CAV1 deficiency were prone to develop CGD. However, it remains unknown whether restored hepatic CAV1 expression prevents the development of CGD. METHODS: C57BL/6 mice were injected with adeno-associated virus 2/8 (AAV2/8) vectors carrying the CAV1 gene ((AAV2/8)CAV1) via intravenous (i.v.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) route and then subjected to a lithogenic diet (LD) for 8 weeks. Uninjected mice were used as controls. The functional consequences of rescuing CAV1 expression by either i.v. or i.p. (AAV2/8)CAV1 treatment for CGD prevention and its subsequent molecular mechanisms were examined. RESULTS: CAV1 expression was reduced in the liver and gallbladder of LD-fed CGD mice. We discovered that (AAV2/8)CAV1 i.p. delivery results in higher transduction efficiency in the gallbladder than tail vein administration. Although either i.v. or i.p. injection of (AAV2/8)CAV1 improved liver lipid metabolic abnormalities in CGD mice but did not affect LD feeding-induced bile cholesterol supersaturation. In comparison with i.v. administration route, i.p. administration of (AAV2/8)CAV1 obviously increased CAV1 protein levels in the gallbladder of LD-fed mice, and i.p. delivery of (AAV2/8)CAV1 partially improved gallbladder cholecystokinin receptor (CCKAR) responsiveness and impeded bile cholesterol nucleation via the activation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling, which induced a reduction in gallbladder mucin-1 (MUC1) and MUC5ac expression and gallbladder cholesterol accumulation. CONCLUSION: CGD prevention by i.p. (AAV2/8)CAV1 injection in LD-fed mice was associated with the improvement of gallbladder stasis, which again supported the notion that supersaturated bile is required but not sufficient for the formation of cholesterol gallstones. Additionally, AAV treatment via the local i.p. injection offers particular advantages over the systemic i.v. route for much more effective gallbladder gene delivery, which will be an excellent tool for conducting preclinical functional studies on the maintenance of normal gallbladder function to prevent CGD. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-022-01718-7.