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Age- and sex-specific effects of maternal separation on the acoustic startle reflex in rats: early baseline enhancement in females and blunted response to ambiguous threat

Early life adversity (ELA) increases the incidence of later-life anxiety disorders. Dysregulated threat processing, including responsivity to ambiguous threats, is an indicator of anxiety disorders and can be influenced by childhood experiences. The acoustic startle response is a defensive reflex di...

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Autores principales: Granata, Lauren, Parakoyi, Abigail, Brenhouse, Heather C.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Frontiers Media S.A. 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9643533/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36386786
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1023513
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author Granata, Lauren
Parakoyi, Abigail
Brenhouse, Heather C.
author_facet Granata, Lauren
Parakoyi, Abigail
Brenhouse, Heather C.
author_sort Granata, Lauren
collection PubMed
description Early life adversity (ELA) increases the incidence of later-life anxiety disorders. Dysregulated threat processing, including responsivity to ambiguous threats, is an indicator of anxiety disorders and can be influenced by childhood experiences. The acoustic startle response is a defensive reflex displayed by mammals when exposed to sudden intense stimuli reflecting individual variations in vigilance. These measures can be altered by previous experience and experimental modifications, including the introduction of unconditioned aversive stimuli. Rats emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in the 22 KHz range in negative contexts. As such, 22 KHz USVs are an ethologically relevant social cue of environmental threat shown to induce anxiety-like behavior in recipient rats. Because the timing of symptom manifestation after early life adversity can differ between sexes, the current study sought to identify the age- and sex-specific effects of daily maternal separation (MS) on responsivity to ambiguous threat in rats. In Experiment 1, rat pups underwent MS or control rearing from postnatal day (P) 2–20, then underwent behavioral testing beginning on P24, 34, or 54 to determine whether MS modified the baseline startle response or the modulation of startle by 22 KHz USVs. In Experiment 2, rats were tested in a light-enhanced startle paradigm at P54 after MS or control rearing to determine whether MS influenced light-enhanced startle. Results show an enhancement of the baseline startle magnitude by MS in females at P34. At P54, MS reduced the modulation of the startle response by 22 KHz USVs and prevented light-enhanced startle, indicating an MS-induced deficit in defensive responsivity when exposed to potential threat.
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spelling pubmed-96435332022-11-15 Age- and sex-specific effects of maternal separation on the acoustic startle reflex in rats: early baseline enhancement in females and blunted response to ambiguous threat Granata, Lauren Parakoyi, Abigail Brenhouse, Heather C. Front Behav Neurosci Behavioral Neuroscience Early life adversity (ELA) increases the incidence of later-life anxiety disorders. Dysregulated threat processing, including responsivity to ambiguous threats, is an indicator of anxiety disorders and can be influenced by childhood experiences. The acoustic startle response is a defensive reflex displayed by mammals when exposed to sudden intense stimuli reflecting individual variations in vigilance. These measures can be altered by previous experience and experimental modifications, including the introduction of unconditioned aversive stimuli. Rats emit ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) in the 22 KHz range in negative contexts. As such, 22 KHz USVs are an ethologically relevant social cue of environmental threat shown to induce anxiety-like behavior in recipient rats. Because the timing of symptom manifestation after early life adversity can differ between sexes, the current study sought to identify the age- and sex-specific effects of daily maternal separation (MS) on responsivity to ambiguous threat in rats. In Experiment 1, rat pups underwent MS or control rearing from postnatal day (P) 2–20, then underwent behavioral testing beginning on P24, 34, or 54 to determine whether MS modified the baseline startle response or the modulation of startle by 22 KHz USVs. In Experiment 2, rats were tested in a light-enhanced startle paradigm at P54 after MS or control rearing to determine whether MS influenced light-enhanced startle. Results show an enhancement of the baseline startle magnitude by MS in females at P34. At P54, MS reduced the modulation of the startle response by 22 KHz USVs and prevented light-enhanced startle, indicating an MS-induced deficit in defensive responsivity when exposed to potential threat. Frontiers Media S.A. 2022-10-26 /pmc/articles/PMC9643533/ /pubmed/36386786 http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1023513 Text en Copyright © 2022 Granata, Parakoyi and Brenhouse. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
spellingShingle Behavioral Neuroscience
Granata, Lauren
Parakoyi, Abigail
Brenhouse, Heather C.
Age- and sex-specific effects of maternal separation on the acoustic startle reflex in rats: early baseline enhancement in females and blunted response to ambiguous threat
title Age- and sex-specific effects of maternal separation on the acoustic startle reflex in rats: early baseline enhancement in females and blunted response to ambiguous threat
title_full Age- and sex-specific effects of maternal separation on the acoustic startle reflex in rats: early baseline enhancement in females and blunted response to ambiguous threat
title_fullStr Age- and sex-specific effects of maternal separation on the acoustic startle reflex in rats: early baseline enhancement in females and blunted response to ambiguous threat
title_full_unstemmed Age- and sex-specific effects of maternal separation on the acoustic startle reflex in rats: early baseline enhancement in females and blunted response to ambiguous threat
title_short Age- and sex-specific effects of maternal separation on the acoustic startle reflex in rats: early baseline enhancement in females and blunted response to ambiguous threat
title_sort age- and sex-specific effects of maternal separation on the acoustic startle reflex in rats: early baseline enhancement in females and blunted response to ambiguous threat
topic Behavioral Neuroscience
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9643533/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36386786
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2022.1023513
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