Effect of Cellulose Nanofibers’ Structure and Incorporation Route in Waterborne Polyurethane–Urea Based Nanocomposite Inks

In order to continue the development of inks valid for cold extrusion 3D printing, waterborne, polyurethane–urea (WBPUU) based inks with cellulose nanofibers (CNF), as a rheological modulator, were prepared by two incorporation methods, ex situ and in situ, in which the CNF were added after and duri...

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Autores principales: Larraza, Izaskun, Vadillo, Julen, Calvo-Correas, Tamara, Tejado, Alvaro, Martin, Loli, Arbelaiz, Aitor, Eceiza, Arantxa
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9654412/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36365510
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214516
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author Larraza, Izaskun
Vadillo, Julen
Calvo-Correas, Tamara
Tejado, Alvaro
Martin, Loli
Arbelaiz, Aitor
Eceiza, Arantxa
author_facet Larraza, Izaskun
Vadillo, Julen
Calvo-Correas, Tamara
Tejado, Alvaro
Martin, Loli
Arbelaiz, Aitor
Eceiza, Arantxa
author_sort Larraza, Izaskun
collection PubMed
description In order to continue the development of inks valid for cold extrusion 3D printing, waterborne, polyurethane–urea (WBPUU) based inks with cellulose nanofibers (CNF), as a rheological modulator, were prepared by two incorporation methods, ex situ and in situ, in which the CNF were added after and during the synthesis process, respectively. Moreover, in order to improve the affinity of the reinforcement with the matrix, modified CNF was also employed. In the ex situ preparation, interactions between CNFs and water prevail over interactions between CNFs and WBPUU nanoparticles, resulting in strong gel-like structures. On the other hand, in situ addition allows the proximity of WBPUU particles and CNF, favoring interactions between both components and allowing the formation of chemical bonds. The fewer amount of CNF/water interactions present in the in situ formulations translates into weaker gel-like structures, with poorer rheological behavior for inks for 3D printing. Stronger gel-like behavior translated into 3D-printed parts with higher precision. However, the direct interactions present between the cellulose and the polyurethane–urea molecules in the in situ preparations, and more so in materials reinforced with carboxylated CNF, result in stronger mechanical properties of the final 3D parts.
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spelling pubmed-96544122022-11-15 Effect of Cellulose Nanofibers’ Structure and Incorporation Route in Waterborne Polyurethane–Urea Based Nanocomposite Inks Larraza, Izaskun Vadillo, Julen Calvo-Correas, Tamara Tejado, Alvaro Martin, Loli Arbelaiz, Aitor Eceiza, Arantxa Polymers (Basel) Article In order to continue the development of inks valid for cold extrusion 3D printing, waterborne, polyurethane–urea (WBPUU) based inks with cellulose nanofibers (CNF), as a rheological modulator, were prepared by two incorporation methods, ex situ and in situ, in which the CNF were added after and during the synthesis process, respectively. Moreover, in order to improve the affinity of the reinforcement with the matrix, modified CNF was also employed. In the ex situ preparation, interactions between CNFs and water prevail over interactions between CNFs and WBPUU nanoparticles, resulting in strong gel-like structures. On the other hand, in situ addition allows the proximity of WBPUU particles and CNF, favoring interactions between both components and allowing the formation of chemical bonds. The fewer amount of CNF/water interactions present in the in situ formulations translates into weaker gel-like structures, with poorer rheological behavior for inks for 3D printing. Stronger gel-like behavior translated into 3D-printed parts with higher precision. However, the direct interactions present between the cellulose and the polyurethane–urea molecules in the in situ preparations, and more so in materials reinforced with carboxylated CNF, result in stronger mechanical properties of the final 3D parts. MDPI 2022-10-25 /pmc/articles/PMC9654412/ /pubmed/36365510 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214516 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Larraza, Izaskun
Vadillo, Julen
Calvo-Correas, Tamara
Tejado, Alvaro
Martin, Loli
Arbelaiz, Aitor
Eceiza, Arantxa
Effect of Cellulose Nanofibers’ Structure and Incorporation Route in Waterborne Polyurethane–Urea Based Nanocomposite Inks
title Effect of Cellulose Nanofibers’ Structure and Incorporation Route in Waterborne Polyurethane–Urea Based Nanocomposite Inks
title_full Effect of Cellulose Nanofibers’ Structure and Incorporation Route in Waterborne Polyurethane–Urea Based Nanocomposite Inks
title_fullStr Effect of Cellulose Nanofibers’ Structure and Incorporation Route in Waterborne Polyurethane–Urea Based Nanocomposite Inks
title_full_unstemmed Effect of Cellulose Nanofibers’ Structure and Incorporation Route in Waterborne Polyurethane–Urea Based Nanocomposite Inks
title_short Effect of Cellulose Nanofibers’ Structure and Incorporation Route in Waterborne Polyurethane–Urea Based Nanocomposite Inks
title_sort effect of cellulose nanofibers’ structure and incorporation route in waterborne polyurethane–urea based nanocomposite inks
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9654412/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36365510
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14214516
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