Syntheses, homeomorphic and configurational isomerizations, and structures of macrocyclic aliphatic dibridgehead diphosphines; molecules that turn themselves inside out

The diphosphine complexes cis- or trans-[upper bond 1 start]PtCl(2)(P((CH(2))(n))(3)P[upper bond 1 end]) (n = b/12, c/14, d/16, e/18) are demetalated by MC[triple bond, length as m-dash]X nucleophiles to give the title compounds (P((CH(2))(n))(3))P (3b–e, 91–71%). These “empty cages” react with PdCl(2) or PtCl(2) sources to afford trans-[upper bond 1 start]MCl(2)(P((CH(2))(n))(3)P[upper bond 1 end]). Low temperature (31)P NMR spectra of 3b and c show two rapidly equilibrating species (3b, 86 : 14; 3c, 97 : 3), assigned based upon computational data to in,in (major) and out,out isomers. These interconvert by homeomorphic isomerizations, akin to turning articles of clothing inside out (3b/c: ΔH(‡) 7.3/8.2 kcal mol(−1), ΔS(‡) −19.4/−11.8 eu, minor to major). At 150 °C, 3b, c, e epimerize to (60–51) : (40–49) mixtures of (in,in/out,out) : in,out isomers, which are separated via the bis(borane) adducts 3b, c, e·2BH(3). The configurational stabilities of in,out-3b, c, e preclude phosphorus inversion in the interconversion of in,in and out,out isomers. Low temperature (31)P NMR spectra of in,out-3b, c reveal degenerate in,out/out,in homeomorphic isomerizations (ΔG(‡)(Tc) 12.1, 8.5 kcal mol(−1)). When (in,in/out,out)-3b, c, e are crystallized, out,out isomers are obtained, despite the preference for in,in isomers in solution. The lattice structures are analyzed, and the D(3) symmetry of out,out-3c enables a particularly favorable packing motif. Similarly, (in,in/out,out)-3c, e·2BH(3) crystallize in out,out conformations, the former with a cycloalkane solvent guest inside.