Targeting Multiple Homeostasis-Maintaining Systems by Ionophore Nigericin Is a Novel Approach for Senolysis

Within the present study we proposed a novel approach for senolysis based on the simultaneous disturbance of the several homeostasis-maintaining systems in senescent cells including intracellular ionic balance, energy production and intracellular utilization of damaged products. Of note, we could not induce senolysis by applying ouabain, amiloride, valinomycin or NH(4)Cl—compounds that modify each of these systems solely. However, we found that ionophore nigericin can disturb plasma membrane potential, intracellular pH, mitochondrial membrane potential and autophagy at once. By affecting all of the tested homeostasis-maintaining systems, nigericin induced senolytic action towards stromal and epithelial senescent cells of different origins. Moreover, the senolytic effect of nigericin was independent of the senescence-inducing stimuli. We uncovered that K(+) efflux caused by nigericin initiated pyroptosis in senescent cells. According to our data, the higher sensitivity of senescent cells compared to the control ones towards nigericin-induced death was partially mediated by the lower intracellular K(+) content in senescent cells and by their predisposition towards pyroptosis. Finally, we proposed an interval dosing strategy to minimize the negative effects of nigericin on the control cells and to achieve maximal senolytic effect. Hence, our data suggest ionophore nigericin as a new senotherapeutic compound for testing against age-related diseases.