3D Global Path Planning Optimization for Cellular-Connected UAVs under Link Reliability Constraint

This paper proposes an effective global path planning technique for cellular-connected UAVs to enhance the reliability of unmanned aerial vehicles’ (UAVs) flights operating beyond the visual line of sight (BVLOS). Cellular networks are considered one of the leading enabler technologies to provide a ubiquitous and reliable communication link for UAVs. First, this paper investigates a reliable aerial zone based on an extensive aerial drive test in a 4G network within a suburban environment. Then, the path planning problem for the cellular-connected UAVs is formulated under communication link reliability and power consumption constraints. To provide a realistic optimization solution, all constraints of the optimization problem are defined based on real-world scenarios; in addition, the presence of static obstacles and no-fly zones is considered in the path planning problem. Two powerful intelligent optimization algorithms, the genetic algorithm (GA) and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, are used to solve the defined optimization problem. Moreover, a combination of both algorithms, referred to as PSO-GA, is used to overcome the inherent shortcomings of the algorithms. The performances of the algorithms are compared under different scenarios in simulation environments. According to the statistical analysis of the aerial drive test, existing 4G base stations are able to provide reliable aerial coverage up to a radius of 500 m and a height of 85 m. The statistical analysis of the optimization results shows that PSO-GA is a more stable and effective algorithm to rapidly converge to a feasible solution for UAV path planning problems, with a far faster execution time compared with PSO and GA, about two times. To validate the performance of the proposed solution, the simulation results are compared with the real-world aerial drive test results. The results comparison proves the effectiveness of the proposed path planning method in suburban environments with 4G coverage. The proposed method can be extended by identifying the aerial link reliability of 5G networks to solve the UAV global path planning problem in the current 5G deployment.