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Factors Affecting Cellular Uptake of Anthocyanins: The Role of pH, Glucose and Anthocyanin Structure

Anthocyanins have poor bioavailability, but the factors affecting this remain unclear. Uptake into cells could impact the bioavailability; therefore, understanding factors affecting anthocyanin uptake is pivotal to improve their bioavailability and reveal the mechanism for their uptake. This study a...

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Autores principales: Cahyana, Yana, Mills, Charlotte Elizabeth, Huda, Syamsul, Gordon, Michael H.
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9698201/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36432493
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14224807
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author Cahyana, Yana
Mills, Charlotte Elizabeth
Huda, Syamsul
Gordon, Michael H.
author_facet Cahyana, Yana
Mills, Charlotte Elizabeth
Huda, Syamsul
Gordon, Michael H.
author_sort Cahyana, Yana
collection PubMed
description Anthocyanins have poor bioavailability, but the factors affecting this remain unclear. Uptake into cells could impact the bioavailability; therefore, understanding factors affecting anthocyanin uptake is pivotal to improve their bioavailability and reveal the mechanism for their uptake. This study aimed to investigate the effect of anthocyanin structure, pH and glucose on the uptake of anthocyanins by Caco-2 cells. Anthocyanin extract from strawberry and red grape at 10 or 20 µM was added to Caco-2 cells. Anthocyanin toxicity to the cells was firstly examined to ensure the same cell viability. The uptake was carried out at pH 7 and 6.5 to evaluate the effect of pH. Glucose (1 mM) was used to investigate its effect. The results show that anthocyanins toxicity was dependent on the concentration and length of exposure. Anthocyanin uptake was concentration-dependent and affected by their structures, in which cyanidin-3-glucoside uptake was higher than pelargonidin-3-glucoside. No metabolites from Caco-2 cell activity were detected. An increased uptake with a decrease in pH was observed, which may be linked to the increase in anthocyanins stability and may indicate the role of proton co-transporter. This also suggests that the jejunum would be the favourable section of small intestine for anthocyanin uptake. Reduced anthocyanin uptake in the presence of glucose suggested that facilitative glucose transporter could be involved in the uptake of anthocyanins by Caco-2 cells.
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spelling pubmed-96982012022-11-26 Factors Affecting Cellular Uptake of Anthocyanins: The Role of pH, Glucose and Anthocyanin Structure Cahyana, Yana Mills, Charlotte Elizabeth Huda, Syamsul Gordon, Michael H. Nutrients Article Anthocyanins have poor bioavailability, but the factors affecting this remain unclear. Uptake into cells could impact the bioavailability; therefore, understanding factors affecting anthocyanin uptake is pivotal to improve their bioavailability and reveal the mechanism for their uptake. This study aimed to investigate the effect of anthocyanin structure, pH and glucose on the uptake of anthocyanins by Caco-2 cells. Anthocyanin extract from strawberry and red grape at 10 or 20 µM was added to Caco-2 cells. Anthocyanin toxicity to the cells was firstly examined to ensure the same cell viability. The uptake was carried out at pH 7 and 6.5 to evaluate the effect of pH. Glucose (1 mM) was used to investigate its effect. The results show that anthocyanins toxicity was dependent on the concentration and length of exposure. Anthocyanin uptake was concentration-dependent and affected by their structures, in which cyanidin-3-glucoside uptake was higher than pelargonidin-3-glucoside. No metabolites from Caco-2 cell activity were detected. An increased uptake with a decrease in pH was observed, which may be linked to the increase in anthocyanins stability and may indicate the role of proton co-transporter. This also suggests that the jejunum would be the favourable section of small intestine for anthocyanin uptake. Reduced anthocyanin uptake in the presence of glucose suggested that facilitative glucose transporter could be involved in the uptake of anthocyanins by Caco-2 cells. MDPI 2022-11-13 /pmc/articles/PMC9698201/ /pubmed/36432493 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14224807 Text en © 2022 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Cahyana, Yana
Mills, Charlotte Elizabeth
Huda, Syamsul
Gordon, Michael H.
Factors Affecting Cellular Uptake of Anthocyanins: The Role of pH, Glucose and Anthocyanin Structure
title Factors Affecting Cellular Uptake of Anthocyanins: The Role of pH, Glucose and Anthocyanin Structure
title_full Factors Affecting Cellular Uptake of Anthocyanins: The Role of pH, Glucose and Anthocyanin Structure
title_fullStr Factors Affecting Cellular Uptake of Anthocyanins: The Role of pH, Glucose and Anthocyanin Structure
title_full_unstemmed Factors Affecting Cellular Uptake of Anthocyanins: The Role of pH, Glucose and Anthocyanin Structure
title_short Factors Affecting Cellular Uptake of Anthocyanins: The Role of pH, Glucose and Anthocyanin Structure
title_sort factors affecting cellular uptake of anthocyanins: the role of ph, glucose and anthocyanin structure
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9698201/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36432493
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14224807
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