Effects of cell seeding technique and cell density on BMP‐2 production in transduced human mesenchymal stem cells

Small animal models have demonstrated the efficacy of ex vivo regional gene therapy using scaffolds loaded with BMP‐2‐expressing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Prior to clinical translation, optimization of seeding techniques of the transduced cells will be important to minimize time and resource expenditure, while maximizing cell delivery and BMP‐2 production. No prior studies have investigated cell‐seeding techniques in the setting of transduced cells for gene therapy applications. Using BMP‐2‐expressing transduced adipose‐derived MSCs and a porous ceramic scaffold, this study compared previously described static and dynamic seeding techniques with respect to cell seeding efficiency, uniformity of cell distribution, and in vitro BMP‐2 production. Static and negative pressure seeding techniques demonstrated the highest seeding efficiency, while orbital shaking was associated with the greatest increases in BMP‐2 production per cell. Low density cell suspensions were associated with the highest seeding efficiency and uniformity of cell distribution, and the greatest increases in BMP‐2 production from 2 to 7 days after seeding. Our results highlight the potential for development of an optimized cell density and seeding technique that could greatly reduce the number of MSCs needed to produce therapeutic BMP‐2 levels in clinical situations. Further studies are needed to investigate in vivo effects of cell seeding techniques on bone healing.