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Role of Impaired Glycolysis in Perturbations of Amino Acid Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus
The most frequent alterations in plasma amino acid concentrations in type 1 and type 2 diabetes are decreased L-serine and increased branched-chain amino acid (BCAA; valine, leucine, and isoleucine) levels. The likely cause of L-serine deficiency is decreased synthesis of 3-phosphoglycerate, the mai...
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
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MDPI
2023
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9863464/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36675238 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021724 |
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author | Holeček, Milan |
author_facet | Holeček, Milan |
author_sort | Holeček, Milan |
collection | PubMed |
description | The most frequent alterations in plasma amino acid concentrations in type 1 and type 2 diabetes are decreased L-serine and increased branched-chain amino acid (BCAA; valine, leucine, and isoleucine) levels. The likely cause of L-serine deficiency is decreased synthesis of 3-phosphoglycerate, the main endogenous precursor of L-serine, due to impaired glycolysis. The BCAA levels increase due to decreased supply of pyruvate and oxaloacetate from glycolysis, enhanced supply of NADH + H(+) from beta-oxidation, and subsequent decrease in the flux through the citric acid cycle in muscles. These alterations decrease the supply of α-ketoglutarate for BCAA transamination and the activity of branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting enzyme in BCAA catabolism. L-serine deficiency contributes to decreased synthesis of phospholipids and increased synthesis of deoxysphinganines, which play a role in diabetic neuropathy, impaired homocysteine disposal, and glycine deficiency. Enhanced BCAA levels contribute to increased levels of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan), insulin resistance, and accumulation of various metabolites, whose influence on diabetes progression is not clear. It is concluded that amino acid concentrations should be monitored in patients with diabetes, and systematic investigation is needed to examine the effects of L-serine and glycine supplementation on diabetes progression when these amino acids are decreased. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9863464 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | MDPI |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-98634642023-01-22 Role of Impaired Glycolysis in Perturbations of Amino Acid Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus Holeček, Milan Int J Mol Sci Review The most frequent alterations in plasma amino acid concentrations in type 1 and type 2 diabetes are decreased L-serine and increased branched-chain amino acid (BCAA; valine, leucine, and isoleucine) levels. The likely cause of L-serine deficiency is decreased synthesis of 3-phosphoglycerate, the main endogenous precursor of L-serine, due to impaired glycolysis. The BCAA levels increase due to decreased supply of pyruvate and oxaloacetate from glycolysis, enhanced supply of NADH + H(+) from beta-oxidation, and subsequent decrease in the flux through the citric acid cycle in muscles. These alterations decrease the supply of α-ketoglutarate for BCAA transamination and the activity of branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase, the rate-limiting enzyme in BCAA catabolism. L-serine deficiency contributes to decreased synthesis of phospholipids and increased synthesis of deoxysphinganines, which play a role in diabetic neuropathy, impaired homocysteine disposal, and glycine deficiency. Enhanced BCAA levels contribute to increased levels of aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan), insulin resistance, and accumulation of various metabolites, whose influence on diabetes progression is not clear. It is concluded that amino acid concentrations should be monitored in patients with diabetes, and systematic investigation is needed to examine the effects of L-serine and glycine supplementation on diabetes progression when these amino acids are decreased. MDPI 2023-01-15 /pmc/articles/PMC9863464/ /pubmed/36675238 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021724 Text en © 2023 by the author. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). |
spellingShingle | Review Holeček, Milan Role of Impaired Glycolysis in Perturbations of Amino Acid Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus |
title | Role of Impaired Glycolysis in Perturbations of Amino Acid Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus |
title_full | Role of Impaired Glycolysis in Perturbations of Amino Acid Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus |
title_fullStr | Role of Impaired Glycolysis in Perturbations of Amino Acid Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus |
title_full_unstemmed | Role of Impaired Glycolysis in Perturbations of Amino Acid Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus |
title_short | Role of Impaired Glycolysis in Perturbations of Amino Acid Metabolism in Diabetes Mellitus |
title_sort | role of impaired glycolysis in perturbations of amino acid metabolism in diabetes mellitus |
topic | Review |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9863464/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36675238 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021724 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT holecekmilan roleofimpairedglycolysisinperturbationsofaminoacidmetabolismindiabetesmellitus |