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Identification of Phenolics Profile in Freeze-Dried Apple Peel and Their Bioactivities during In Vitro Digestion and Colonic Fermentation

Freeze-dried apple peel powder (Fd-APP) was subjected to in vitro digestion and colonic fermentation to evaluate the variations in its phenolic composition, bioactivities (antioxidant activity, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibition), and fecal metabolic outputs. A total of 88 phenolics were tentat...

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Autores principales: Zahid, Hafza Fasiha, Ali, Akhtar, Ranadheera, Chaminda Senaka, Fang, Zhongxiang, Ajlouni, Said
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2023
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Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9864335/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36675061
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021514
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author Zahid, Hafza Fasiha
Ali, Akhtar
Ranadheera, Chaminda Senaka
Fang, Zhongxiang
Ajlouni, Said
author_facet Zahid, Hafza Fasiha
Ali, Akhtar
Ranadheera, Chaminda Senaka
Fang, Zhongxiang
Ajlouni, Said
author_sort Zahid, Hafza Fasiha
collection PubMed
description Freeze-dried apple peel powder (Fd-APP) was subjected to in vitro digestion and colonic fermentation to evaluate the variations in its phenolic composition, bioactivities (antioxidant activity, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibition), and fecal metabolic outputs. A total of 88 phenolics were tentatively identified, of which 51 phenolic compounds were quantitated in Fd-APP sample extracts before digestion, and 34 were released during subsequent phases of digestion. Among these, phenolic acids showed the highest bio accessibility index (BI) of 68%, followed by flavonoids (63%) and anthocyanins (52%). The inhibitory functions of Fd-APP extract against α-amylase and α-glucosidase pre- and post-digestion were moderate and ranged from 41.88 to 44.08% and 35.23 to 41.13%, respectively. Additionally, the antioxidant activities revealed a significant (p ≤ 0.05) decline during the in vitro digestion. However, the colonic fermentation stage presented different products where the intact parent phenolic compounds present in Fd-APP were utilized by gut microbes and produced various phenolic metabolites such as 3- hydroxyphenyl acetic acid (3-HPAA), ferulic acid (FA), 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid (3,4 HPPA) and 4- hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA). Furthermore, colonic fermentation of Fd-APP accelerated the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), with acetic acid being the most prevalent (97.53 ± 9.09 mM). The decrease in pH of fermentation media to 4.3 significantly (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced counts of Bifidobacterium (10.27 log CFU/mL), which demonstrated the potential prebiotic effects of Fd-APP. These findings indicated that the consumption of apple peel as a constituent of novel functional foods may support and protect the intestinal microbiota and consequently promote human health.
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spelling pubmed-98643352023-01-22 Identification of Phenolics Profile in Freeze-Dried Apple Peel and Their Bioactivities during In Vitro Digestion and Colonic Fermentation Zahid, Hafza Fasiha Ali, Akhtar Ranadheera, Chaminda Senaka Fang, Zhongxiang Ajlouni, Said Int J Mol Sci Article Freeze-dried apple peel powder (Fd-APP) was subjected to in vitro digestion and colonic fermentation to evaluate the variations in its phenolic composition, bioactivities (antioxidant activity, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase inhibition), and fecal metabolic outputs. A total of 88 phenolics were tentatively identified, of which 51 phenolic compounds were quantitated in Fd-APP sample extracts before digestion, and 34 were released during subsequent phases of digestion. Among these, phenolic acids showed the highest bio accessibility index (BI) of 68%, followed by flavonoids (63%) and anthocyanins (52%). The inhibitory functions of Fd-APP extract against α-amylase and α-glucosidase pre- and post-digestion were moderate and ranged from 41.88 to 44.08% and 35.23 to 41.13%, respectively. Additionally, the antioxidant activities revealed a significant (p ≤ 0.05) decline during the in vitro digestion. However, the colonic fermentation stage presented different products where the intact parent phenolic compounds present in Fd-APP were utilized by gut microbes and produced various phenolic metabolites such as 3- hydroxyphenyl acetic acid (3-HPAA), ferulic acid (FA), 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionic acid (3,4 HPPA) and 4- hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA). Furthermore, colonic fermentation of Fd-APP accelerated the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), with acetic acid being the most prevalent (97.53 ± 9.09 mM). The decrease in pH of fermentation media to 4.3 significantly (p ≤ 0.05) enhanced counts of Bifidobacterium (10.27 log CFU/mL), which demonstrated the potential prebiotic effects of Fd-APP. These findings indicated that the consumption of apple peel as a constituent of novel functional foods may support and protect the intestinal microbiota and consequently promote human health. MDPI 2023-01-12 /pmc/articles/PMC9864335/ /pubmed/36675061 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021514 Text en © 2023 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Zahid, Hafza Fasiha
Ali, Akhtar
Ranadheera, Chaminda Senaka
Fang, Zhongxiang
Ajlouni, Said
Identification of Phenolics Profile in Freeze-Dried Apple Peel and Their Bioactivities during In Vitro Digestion and Colonic Fermentation
title Identification of Phenolics Profile in Freeze-Dried Apple Peel and Their Bioactivities during In Vitro Digestion and Colonic Fermentation
title_full Identification of Phenolics Profile in Freeze-Dried Apple Peel and Their Bioactivities during In Vitro Digestion and Colonic Fermentation
title_fullStr Identification of Phenolics Profile in Freeze-Dried Apple Peel and Their Bioactivities during In Vitro Digestion and Colonic Fermentation
title_full_unstemmed Identification of Phenolics Profile in Freeze-Dried Apple Peel and Their Bioactivities during In Vitro Digestion and Colonic Fermentation
title_short Identification of Phenolics Profile in Freeze-Dried Apple Peel and Their Bioactivities during In Vitro Digestion and Colonic Fermentation
title_sort identification of phenolics profile in freeze-dried apple peel and their bioactivities during in vitro digestion and colonic fermentation
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9864335/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36675061
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms24021514
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