Perylene‐Mediated Electron Leakage in Respiratory Chain to Trigger Endogenous ROS Burst for Hypoxic Cancer Chemo‐Immunotherapy

Perylene derivatives can be stimulated by the hypoxic tumor microenvironment to generate radical anion that is proposed to arouse electron exchange with oxidizing substance, and in turn, realize reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst. Here, three perylene therapeutic agents, PDI‐NI, PDIB‐NI, and PDIC‐NI, are developed and it is found that the minimum lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level makes PDIC‐NI most easily accept electrons from the oxidative respiratory chain to form lots of anions, and the resultant maximum ROS generation, establishing an unambiguous mechanism for the formation of perylene radical anions in the cell, presents solid evidence for LUMO energy level determining endogenous ROS burst. Stirringly, PDIC‐NI‐induced ROS generation arouses enhanced mitochondrial oxidative stress and concurrently activates immunogenic cell death (ICD), which not only efficiently kills lung tumor cells but also reprograms immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment, including the cytokine secretion, dendritic cell maturation, as well as cytotoxic T lymphocytes activation, to inhibit the growth of xenografted and metastasis tumor, presenting a proof‐of‐concept demonstration of perylene that acts as an integrated therapeutic agent to well realize hypoxia‐activated chemotherapy with ICD‐induced immunotherapy on lung cancer.