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Musculoskeletal simulations to examine the effects of accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) on jump height
BACKGROUND: During counter movement jumps, adding weight in the eccentric phase and then suddenly releasing this weight during the concentric phase, known as accentuated eccentric loading (AEL), has been suggested to immediately improve jumping performance. The level of evidence for the positive eff...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
PeerJ Inc.
2023
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9879160/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36710857 http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14687 |
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author | Su, Eric Yung-Sheng Carroll, Timothy J. Farris, Dominic J. Lichtwark, Glen A. |
author_facet | Su, Eric Yung-Sheng Carroll, Timothy J. Farris, Dominic J. Lichtwark, Glen A. |
author_sort | Su, Eric Yung-Sheng |
collection | PubMed |
description | BACKGROUND: During counter movement jumps, adding weight in the eccentric phase and then suddenly releasing this weight during the concentric phase, known as accentuated eccentric loading (AEL), has been suggested to immediately improve jumping performance. The level of evidence for the positive effects of AEL remains weak, with conflicting evidence over the effectiveness in enhancing performance. Therefore, we proposed to theoretically explore the influence of implementing AEL during constrained vertical jumping using computer modelling and simulation and examined whether the proposed mechanism of enhanced power, increased elastic energy storage and return, could enhance work and power. METHODS: We used a simplified model, consisting of a ball-shaped body (head, arm, and trunk), two lower limb segments (thigh and shank), and four muscles, to simulate the mechanisms of AEL. We adjusted the key activation parameters of the muscles to influence the performance outcome of the model. Numerical optimization was applied to search the optimal solution for the model. We implemented AEL and non-AEL conditions in the model to compare the simulated data between conditions. RESULTS: Our model predicted that the optimal jumping performance was achieved when the model utilized the whole joint range. However, there was no difference in jumping performance in AEL and non-AEL conditions because the model began its push-off at the similar state (posture, fiber length, fiber velocity, fiber force, tendon length, and the same activation level). Therefore, the optimal solution predicted by the model was primarily driven by intrinsic muscle dynamics (force-length-velocity relationship), and this coupled with the similar model state at the start of the push-off, resulting in similar push-off performance across all conditions. There was also no evidence of additional tendon-loading effect in AEL conditions compared to non-AEL condition. DISCUSSION: Our simplified simulations did not show improved jump performance with AEL, contrasting with experimental studies. The reduced model demonstrates that increased energy storage from the additional mass alone is not sufficient to induce increased performance and that other factors like differences in activation strategies or movement paths are more likely to contribute to enhanced performance. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-9879160 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2023 |
publisher | PeerJ Inc. |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-98791602023-01-27 Musculoskeletal simulations to examine the effects of accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) on jump height Su, Eric Yung-Sheng Carroll, Timothy J. Farris, Dominic J. Lichtwark, Glen A. PeerJ Biophysics BACKGROUND: During counter movement jumps, adding weight in the eccentric phase and then suddenly releasing this weight during the concentric phase, known as accentuated eccentric loading (AEL), has been suggested to immediately improve jumping performance. The level of evidence for the positive effects of AEL remains weak, with conflicting evidence over the effectiveness in enhancing performance. Therefore, we proposed to theoretically explore the influence of implementing AEL during constrained vertical jumping using computer modelling and simulation and examined whether the proposed mechanism of enhanced power, increased elastic energy storage and return, could enhance work and power. METHODS: We used a simplified model, consisting of a ball-shaped body (head, arm, and trunk), two lower limb segments (thigh and shank), and four muscles, to simulate the mechanisms of AEL. We adjusted the key activation parameters of the muscles to influence the performance outcome of the model. Numerical optimization was applied to search the optimal solution for the model. We implemented AEL and non-AEL conditions in the model to compare the simulated data between conditions. RESULTS: Our model predicted that the optimal jumping performance was achieved when the model utilized the whole joint range. However, there was no difference in jumping performance in AEL and non-AEL conditions because the model began its push-off at the similar state (posture, fiber length, fiber velocity, fiber force, tendon length, and the same activation level). Therefore, the optimal solution predicted by the model was primarily driven by intrinsic muscle dynamics (force-length-velocity relationship), and this coupled with the similar model state at the start of the push-off, resulting in similar push-off performance across all conditions. There was also no evidence of additional tendon-loading effect in AEL conditions compared to non-AEL condition. DISCUSSION: Our simplified simulations did not show improved jump performance with AEL, contrasting with experimental studies. The reduced model demonstrates that increased energy storage from the additional mass alone is not sufficient to induce increased performance and that other factors like differences in activation strategies or movement paths are more likely to contribute to enhanced performance. PeerJ Inc. 2023-01-23 /pmc/articles/PMC9879160/ /pubmed/36710857 http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14687 Text en ©2023 Su et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited. |
spellingShingle | Biophysics Su, Eric Yung-Sheng Carroll, Timothy J. Farris, Dominic J. Lichtwark, Glen A. Musculoskeletal simulations to examine the effects of accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) on jump height |
title | Musculoskeletal simulations to examine the effects of accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) on jump height |
title_full | Musculoskeletal simulations to examine the effects of accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) on jump height |
title_fullStr | Musculoskeletal simulations to examine the effects of accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) on jump height |
title_full_unstemmed | Musculoskeletal simulations to examine the effects of accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) on jump height |
title_short | Musculoskeletal simulations to examine the effects of accentuated eccentric loading (AEL) on jump height |
title_sort | musculoskeletal simulations to examine the effects of accentuated eccentric loading (ael) on jump height |
topic | Biophysics |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9879160/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36710857 http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14687 |
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