Poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid)-encapsulated iodine-131 nanoparticles fabricated with rhTSH induce apoptosis and immobilization of thyroid cancer cells

BACKGROUND: Aggressive thyroid carcinoma (ATC) usually loses radioiodine avidity to iodine-131 ((131)I) due to the downregulation of sodium/iodide symporter (NIS). The expression of thyroid stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) is more persistent than NIS and the administration of recombinant human thyroid stimulating hormone (rhTSH) promotes de novo NIS synthesis. Hence, exploring methods integrating (131)I with rhTSH might be a feasible therapeutic strategy for selective delivery of (131)I into thyroid cancer to fortify the effect of radioiodine ablation. METHODS: The (131)I, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and rhTSH were used to synthesize of the (131)I-PLGA-rhTSH nanoparticles. The characteristics of the (131)I-PLGA-rhTSH nanoparticles was determined using a light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), autoradiography and immunofluorescence (IF) staining. The diameter of the (131)I-PLGA-rhTSH nanoparticles was measured with a Mastersizer 3000, and the encapsulation efficiency (EF) of (131)I in (131)I-PLGA-rhTSH nanoparticles and the radioactivity of a single nanoparticle were determined. Then, the mouse tumor xenograft model was established, and the biodistribution and effect of (131)I-PLGA-rhTSH nanoparticles on apoptosis of thyroid cance cells were investigated in vivo. Thereafter, the role of (131)I-PLGA-rhTSH nanoparticles in cell viability using cell counting kit-8 and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays. Subsequently, the underlying mechanism of (131)I-PLGA-rhTSH nanoparticles in reducing cell viability was assessed using immunostaining, boyden invasion assays and phalloidin staining. RESULTS: Our results showed that the method of developing nanoparticles-encapsulated (131)I using poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and modified with rhTSH ((131)I-PLGA-rhTSH), was a feasible avenue for the integration of (131)I and rhTSH. Meanwhile, the encapsulation efficiency (EF) of (131)I-PLGA-rhTSH nanoparticles was approximately 60%, and the radioactivity of a single nanoparticle was about 1.1×10-2 Bq. Meanwhile, the (131)I-PLGA-rhTSH nanoparticles were selectively delivered into, gradually enriched and slowly downregulated in xenograft tumor after the administration of (131)I-PLGA-rhTSH nanoparticles through tail vein in mouse tumor xenograft model. Thereafter, the tumor weight was significantly reduced after the administration of (131)I-PLGA-rhTSH nanoparticles. Subsequently, the application of (131)I-PLGA-rhTSH nanoparticles facilitated apoptosis and attenuated immobilization via inhibiting F-actin assembling of FTC-133 cells. CONCLUSION: The present study develops a suitable approach integrating (131)I and rhTSH, and this strategy is a feasible regimen enhancing the effect of radioiodine ablation for the treatment of thyroid cancer.