Interleukin-35 -producing B cells rescues inflammatory bowel disease in a mouse model via STAT3 phosphorylation and intestinal microbiota modification

Interleukin-35 (IL-35)-producing B cells (IL-35(+)B cells) play an important role in diseases, and the expansion of IL-35(+) immune cells have been observed in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, how IL-35(+)B cells function and the manner in which they perform their roles remain unclear. In this study, human samples and animal models were used to confirm the expansion of IL-35(+)B cells during IBD. In addition, by using il12a(−/−) and ebi3(−/−) mice, we demonstrated that the regulatory role of B cells in IBD depends on IL-35. Mechanically, IL-35(+)B cells can promote its own expansion through endocrine actions and depend on the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. Interestingly, we found that the diversity of intestinal microbes and expression of microbial metabolites decreased during IBD. IL-35(+)B cells promote the high expression of indoleacetic acid (IAA), and exogenous metabolite supplementation with IAA can further promote the expansion of IL-35(+)B cells and rescues the disease. This study provides a new concept for the regulatory model of B cells and a new approach for the treatment of IBD.