Sulphated penta-galloyl glucopyranoside (SPGG) is glycosaminoglycan mimetic allosteric inhibitor of cathepsin G

OBJECTIVE: Cathepsin G (CatG) is a cationic serine protease with wide substrate specificity. CatG is reported to play a role in several inflammatory pathologies. Thus, we aimed at identifying a potent and allosteric inhibitor of CatG to be used as a platform in further drug development opportunities. METHODS: Chromogenic substrate hydrolysis assays were used to evaluate the inhibition potency and selectivity of SPGG towards CatG. Salt-dependent studies, Michaelis–Menten kinetics and SDS-PAGE were exploited to decipher the mechanism of CatG inhibition by SPGG. Molecular modelling was also used to identify a plausible binding site. KEY FINDINGS: SPGG displayed an inhibition potency of 57 nM against CatG, which was substantially selective over other proteases. SPGG protected fibronectin and laminin against CatG-mediated degradation. SPGG reduced V(MAX) of CatG hydrolysis of a chromogenic substrate without affecting K(M), suggesting an allosteric mechanism. Resolution of energy contributions indicated that non-ionic interactions contribute ~91% of binding energy, suggesting a substantial possibility of specific recognition. Molecular modelling indicated that SPGG plausibly binds to an anion-binding sequence of (109)SRRVRRNRN(117). CONCLUSION: We present the discovery of SPGG as the first small molecule, potent, allosteric glycosaminoglycan mimetic inhibitor of CatG. SPGG is expected to open a major route to clinically relevant allosteric CatG anti-inflammatory agents.