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The Effects of Dietary Thyme Oil (Thymus vulgaris) Essential Oils for Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio): Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant Defense, Tissue and Mucus Immune Parameters, and Resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila

This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil (TVO) on growth performance, digestive enzymes, biochemical parameters, hematological indices, liver enzymes, and pathogen resistance in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Triplicate groups of fish (15.3...

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Autores principales: Ghafarifarsani, Hamed, Hoseinifar, Seyed Hossein, Sheikhlar, Atefeh, Raissy, Mehdi, Chaharmahali, Fatemeh Heidarinezhad, Maneepitaksanti, Worawit, Faheem, Mehwish, Van Doan, Hien
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Hindawi 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9973159/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36860465
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7942506
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author Ghafarifarsani, Hamed
Hoseinifar, Seyed Hossein
Sheikhlar, Atefeh
Raissy, Mehdi
Chaharmahali, Fatemeh Heidarinezhad
Maneepitaksanti, Worawit
Faheem, Mehwish
Van Doan, Hien
author_facet Ghafarifarsani, Hamed
Hoseinifar, Seyed Hossein
Sheikhlar, Atefeh
Raissy, Mehdi
Chaharmahali, Fatemeh Heidarinezhad
Maneepitaksanti, Worawit
Faheem, Mehwish
Van Doan, Hien
author_sort Ghafarifarsani, Hamed
collection PubMed
description This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil (TVO) on growth performance, digestive enzymes, biochemical parameters, hematological indices, liver enzymes, and pathogen resistance in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Triplicate groups of fish (15.36 ± 0.10 g) were fed daily with diets supplemented with TVO at 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 percent for 60 days then challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. The results determined that supplementation of thyme resulted in significantly higher final body weights (FBW) and lower feed conversion ratios (FCR). Furthermore, no mortality was observed in the thyme-supplemented treatments. Regression analysis showed that fish growth parameters were polynomially related to dietary TVO levels. The optimum dietary TVO level, based upon the varied growth parameters, was 1.344 to 1.436%. Digestive enzymes activity, including amylase and protease, significantly increased in fish fed the supplemented diets. The thyme-supplemented diets also significantly increased the biochemical parameters, including total protein, albumin, and acid phosphatase (ACP), compared to the control group. We also observed significant increases in hematological indices, including red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), hematocrit (Hct), and hemoglobin (Hb) in common carp fed diets containing thyme oil (P < 0.05). Liver enzymes activity including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was also reduced (P < 0.05). Immune parameters, including total protein and total immunoglobulin (total Ig) levels, alternative complement pathway hemolytic (ACH(50)), lysozyme, protease, and ALP in the skin mucus, and lysozyme, total Ig, and ACH(50) in the intestine were higher (P < 0.05) in TVO-supplemented fish. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the liver were also elevated (P < 0.05) in TVO administered groups. Lastly, thyme-supplementation resulted in higher survival rates after the A. hydrophila challenge compared to the control (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary inclusion of thyme oil (1 and 2%) effectively improved fish growth, immune systems, and resistance to A. hydrophila.
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spelling pubmed-99731592023-02-28 The Effects of Dietary Thyme Oil (Thymus vulgaris) Essential Oils for Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio): Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant Defense, Tissue and Mucus Immune Parameters, and Resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila Ghafarifarsani, Hamed Hoseinifar, Seyed Hossein Sheikhlar, Atefeh Raissy, Mehdi Chaharmahali, Fatemeh Heidarinezhad Maneepitaksanti, Worawit Faheem, Mehwish Van Doan, Hien Aquac Nutr Research Article This study evaluated the effects of dietary supplementation of thyme (Thymus vulgaris) essential oil (TVO) on growth performance, digestive enzymes, biochemical parameters, hematological indices, liver enzymes, and pathogen resistance in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Triplicate groups of fish (15.36 ± 0.10 g) were fed daily with diets supplemented with TVO at 0, 0.5, 1, and 2 percent for 60 days then challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. The results determined that supplementation of thyme resulted in significantly higher final body weights (FBW) and lower feed conversion ratios (FCR). Furthermore, no mortality was observed in the thyme-supplemented treatments. Regression analysis showed that fish growth parameters were polynomially related to dietary TVO levels. The optimum dietary TVO level, based upon the varied growth parameters, was 1.344 to 1.436%. Digestive enzymes activity, including amylase and protease, significantly increased in fish fed the supplemented diets. The thyme-supplemented diets also significantly increased the biochemical parameters, including total protein, albumin, and acid phosphatase (ACP), compared to the control group. We also observed significant increases in hematological indices, including red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), hematocrit (Hct), and hemoglobin (Hb) in common carp fed diets containing thyme oil (P < 0.05). Liver enzymes activity including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was also reduced (P < 0.05). Immune parameters, including total protein and total immunoglobulin (total Ig) levels, alternative complement pathway hemolytic (ACH(50)), lysozyme, protease, and ALP in the skin mucus, and lysozyme, total Ig, and ACH(50) in the intestine were higher (P < 0.05) in TVO-supplemented fish. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the liver were also elevated (P < 0.05) in TVO administered groups. Lastly, thyme-supplementation resulted in higher survival rates after the A. hydrophila challenge compared to the control (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary inclusion of thyme oil (1 and 2%) effectively improved fish growth, immune systems, and resistance to A. hydrophila. Hindawi 2022-09-14 /pmc/articles/PMC9973159/ /pubmed/36860465 http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7942506 Text en Copyright © 2022 Hamed Ghafarifarsani et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Research Article
Ghafarifarsani, Hamed
Hoseinifar, Seyed Hossein
Sheikhlar, Atefeh
Raissy, Mehdi
Chaharmahali, Fatemeh Heidarinezhad
Maneepitaksanti, Worawit
Faheem, Mehwish
Van Doan, Hien
The Effects of Dietary Thyme Oil (Thymus vulgaris) Essential Oils for Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio): Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant Defense, Tissue and Mucus Immune Parameters, and Resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila
title The Effects of Dietary Thyme Oil (Thymus vulgaris) Essential Oils for Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio): Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant Defense, Tissue and Mucus Immune Parameters, and Resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila
title_full The Effects of Dietary Thyme Oil (Thymus vulgaris) Essential Oils for Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio): Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant Defense, Tissue and Mucus Immune Parameters, and Resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila
title_fullStr The Effects of Dietary Thyme Oil (Thymus vulgaris) Essential Oils for Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio): Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant Defense, Tissue and Mucus Immune Parameters, and Resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila
title_full_unstemmed The Effects of Dietary Thyme Oil (Thymus vulgaris) Essential Oils for Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio): Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant Defense, Tissue and Mucus Immune Parameters, and Resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila
title_short The Effects of Dietary Thyme Oil (Thymus vulgaris) Essential Oils for Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio): Growth Performance, Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant Defense, Tissue and Mucus Immune Parameters, and Resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila
title_sort effects of dietary thyme oil (thymus vulgaris) essential oils for common carp (cyprinus carpio): growth performance, digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant defense, tissue and mucus immune parameters, and resistance against aeromonas hydrophila
topic Research Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9973159/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36860465
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7942506
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