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Assessing human exposure to phthalates using monoesters and their oxidized metabolites as biomarkers.
Phthalates are a group of industrial chemicals with many commercial uses, such as solvents, additives, and plasticizers. For example, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is added in varying amounts to certain plastics, such as polyvinyl chloride, to increase their flexibility. In humans, phthalates a...
Autores principales: | , , , , , , , , |
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Formato: | Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
2003
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Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241566/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12842765 |
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author | Barr, Dana B Silva, Manori J Kato, Kayoko Reidy, John A Malek, Nicole A Hurtz, Donald Sadowski, Melissa Needham, Larry L Calafat, Antonia M |
author_facet | Barr, Dana B Silva, Manori J Kato, Kayoko Reidy, John A Malek, Nicole A Hurtz, Donald Sadowski, Melissa Needham, Larry L Calafat, Antonia M |
author_sort | Barr, Dana B |
collection | PubMed |
description | Phthalates are a group of industrial chemicals with many commercial uses, such as solvents, additives, and plasticizers. For example, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is added in varying amounts to certain plastics, such as polyvinyl chloride, to increase their flexibility. In humans, phthalates are metabolized to their respective monoesters, conjugated, and eliminated. However, despite the high production and use of DEHP, we have recently found that the urinary levels of the DEHP metabolite mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) in 2,541 persons in the United States were lower than we anticipated, especially when compared with urinary metabolite levels of other commonly used phthalates. This finding raised questions about the sensitivity of this biomarker for assessing DEHP exposure. We explored the utility of two other DEHP metabolites, mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) and mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), as additional DEHP biomarkers. These metabolites are formed by oxidative metabolism of MEHP. In urine from 62 people, both the range and the mean urinary levels of MEOHP and MEHHP were on average 4-fold higher than those of MEHP; the mean of the individual ratios of MEHHP/MEOHP, MEHHP/MEHP, and MEOHP/MEHP were 1.4, 8.2, and 5.9, respectively. These data suggest that MEOHP and MEHHP are more sensitive biomarkers of exposure to DEHP than is MEHP. These findings also suggest a predominant human metabolic route for DEHP hydrolysis to MEHP followed by oxidation of MEHP; they also imply that a similar mechanism may be relevant for other high-molecular-weight phthalates, such as di-n-octyl, di-isononyl, and di-isodecyl phthalates. |
format | Text |
id | pubmed-1241566 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2003 |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-12415662005-11-08 Assessing human exposure to phthalates using monoesters and their oxidized metabolites as biomarkers. Barr, Dana B Silva, Manori J Kato, Kayoko Reidy, John A Malek, Nicole A Hurtz, Donald Sadowski, Melissa Needham, Larry L Calafat, Antonia M Environ Health Perspect Research Article Phthalates are a group of industrial chemicals with many commercial uses, such as solvents, additives, and plasticizers. For example, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is added in varying amounts to certain plastics, such as polyvinyl chloride, to increase their flexibility. In humans, phthalates are metabolized to their respective monoesters, conjugated, and eliminated. However, despite the high production and use of DEHP, we have recently found that the urinary levels of the DEHP metabolite mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) in 2,541 persons in the United States were lower than we anticipated, especially when compared with urinary metabolite levels of other commonly used phthalates. This finding raised questions about the sensitivity of this biomarker for assessing DEHP exposure. We explored the utility of two other DEHP metabolites, mono-(2-ethyl-5-oxohexyl) phthalate (MEOHP) and mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxyhexyl) phthalate (MEHHP), as additional DEHP biomarkers. These metabolites are formed by oxidative metabolism of MEHP. In urine from 62 people, both the range and the mean urinary levels of MEOHP and MEHHP were on average 4-fold higher than those of MEHP; the mean of the individual ratios of MEHHP/MEOHP, MEHHP/MEHP, and MEOHP/MEHP were 1.4, 8.2, and 5.9, respectively. These data suggest that MEOHP and MEHHP are more sensitive biomarkers of exposure to DEHP than is MEHP. These findings also suggest a predominant human metabolic route for DEHP hydrolysis to MEHP followed by oxidation of MEHP; they also imply that a similar mechanism may be relevant for other high-molecular-weight phthalates, such as di-n-octyl, di-isononyl, and di-isodecyl phthalates. 2003-07 /pmc/articles/PMC1241566/ /pubmed/12842765 Text en |
spellingShingle | Research Article Barr, Dana B Silva, Manori J Kato, Kayoko Reidy, John A Malek, Nicole A Hurtz, Donald Sadowski, Melissa Needham, Larry L Calafat, Antonia M Assessing human exposure to phthalates using monoesters and their oxidized metabolites as biomarkers. |
title | Assessing human exposure to phthalates using monoesters and their oxidized metabolites as biomarkers. |
title_full | Assessing human exposure to phthalates using monoesters and their oxidized metabolites as biomarkers. |
title_fullStr | Assessing human exposure to phthalates using monoesters and their oxidized metabolites as biomarkers. |
title_full_unstemmed | Assessing human exposure to phthalates using monoesters and their oxidized metabolites as biomarkers. |
title_short | Assessing human exposure to phthalates using monoesters and their oxidized metabolites as biomarkers. |
title_sort | assessing human exposure to phthalates using monoesters and their oxidized metabolites as biomarkers. |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241566/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12842765 |
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