Could MDMA Promote Stemness Characteristics in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells via mGlu5 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors?
OBJECTIVE: Ecstasy, or 3, 4 (±) methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), is a potent neurotoxic drug. One of the mechanisms for its toxicity is the secondary release of glutamate. Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) express only one glutamate receptor, the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5), whic...
Autores principales: | , , , , |
---|---|
Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
Royan Institute
2012
|
Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584439/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23508940 |
_version_ | 1782261021485826048 |
---|---|
author | Meamar, Rokhsareh Karamali, Fereshte Mousavi, Seyed Ali Baharvand, Hossein Nasr-Esfahani, Mohammad Hossein |
author_facet | Meamar, Rokhsareh Karamali, Fereshte Mousavi, Seyed Ali Baharvand, Hossein Nasr-Esfahani, Mohammad Hossein |
author_sort | Meamar, Rokhsareh |
collection | PubMed |
description | OBJECTIVE: Ecstasy, or 3, 4 (±) methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), is a potent neurotoxic drug. One of the mechanisms for its toxicity is the secondary release of glutamate. Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) express only one glutamate receptor, the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5), which is involved in the maintenance and self-renewal of mESCs. This study aims to investigate whether MDMA could influence self-renewal via the mGlu5 receptor in mESCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this expremental study, we used immunocytochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to determine the presence of the mGlu5 receptor in mESCs. The expression of mGlu5 was evaluated after MDMA was added to mESCs throughout neural precursor cell formation as group 1 and during neural precursor cell differentiation as group 2. The stemness characteristic in treated mESCs by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry was studied. Finally, caspase activity was evaluated by fluorescence staining in the treated group. One-way ANOVA or repeated measure of ANOVA according to the experimental design was used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: In this study mGlu5 expression was shown in mESCs. In terms of neuronal differentiation, MDMA affected mGlu5 expression during neural precursor cell formation (group 1) and not during neural precursor differentiation (group 2). MDMA (450 µM) induced a significant increment in self-renewal properties in mESCs but did not reverse 2-methyl-6(phenylethynyl) pyridine (MPEP, 1 µM), a non-competitive selective mGlu5 antagonist. Fluorescence staining with anti-caspase 3 showed a significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the MDMA group. CONCLUSION: We observed a dual role for MDMA on mESCs: reduced proliferation and maintenance of self-renewal. The lack of decreasing stemness characteristic in presence of MPEP suggests that MDMA mediates its role through a different mechanism that requires further investigation. In conclusion, despite being toxic, MDMA maintains stemness characteristics. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-3584439 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2012 |
publisher | Royan Institute |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-35844392013-03-18 Could MDMA Promote Stemness Characteristics in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells via mGlu5 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors? Meamar, Rokhsareh Karamali, Fereshte Mousavi, Seyed Ali Baharvand, Hossein Nasr-Esfahani, Mohammad Hossein Cell J Research Article OBJECTIVE: Ecstasy, or 3, 4 (±) methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), is a potent neurotoxic drug. One of the mechanisms for its toxicity is the secondary release of glutamate. Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) express only one glutamate receptor, the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5), which is involved in the maintenance and self-renewal of mESCs. This study aims to investigate whether MDMA could influence self-renewal via the mGlu5 receptor in mESCs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this expremental study, we used immunocytochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to determine the presence of the mGlu5 receptor in mESCs. The expression of mGlu5 was evaluated after MDMA was added to mESCs throughout neural precursor cell formation as group 1 and during neural precursor cell differentiation as group 2. The stemness characteristic in treated mESCs by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry was studied. Finally, caspase activity was evaluated by fluorescence staining in the treated group. One-way ANOVA or repeated measure of ANOVA according to the experimental design was used for statistical analyses. RESULTS: In this study mGlu5 expression was shown in mESCs. In terms of neuronal differentiation, MDMA affected mGlu5 expression during neural precursor cell formation (group 1) and not during neural precursor differentiation (group 2). MDMA (450 µM) induced a significant increment in self-renewal properties in mESCs but did not reverse 2-methyl-6(phenylethynyl) pyridine (MPEP, 1 µM), a non-competitive selective mGlu5 antagonist. Fluorescence staining with anti-caspase 3 showed a significant increase in the number of apoptotic cells in the MDMA group. CONCLUSION: We observed a dual role for MDMA on mESCs: reduced proliferation and maintenance of self-renewal. The lack of decreasing stemness characteristic in presence of MPEP suggests that MDMA mediates its role through a different mechanism that requires further investigation. In conclusion, despite being toxic, MDMA maintains stemness characteristics. Royan Institute 2012 2012-12-12 /pmc/articles/PMC3584439/ /pubmed/23508940 Text en Any use, distribution, reproduction or abstract of this publication in any medium, with the exception of commercial purposes, is permitted provided the original work is properly cited http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.5/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. |
spellingShingle | Research Article Meamar, Rokhsareh Karamali, Fereshte Mousavi, Seyed Ali Baharvand, Hossein Nasr-Esfahani, Mohammad Hossein Could MDMA Promote Stemness Characteristics in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells via mGlu5 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors? |
title | Could MDMA Promote Stemness Characteristics in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells via mGlu5 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors? |
title_full | Could MDMA Promote Stemness Characteristics in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells via mGlu5 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors? |
title_fullStr | Could MDMA Promote Stemness Characteristics in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells via mGlu5 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors? |
title_full_unstemmed | Could MDMA Promote Stemness Characteristics in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells via mGlu5 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors? |
title_short | Could MDMA Promote Stemness Characteristics in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells via mGlu5 Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors? |
title_sort | could mdma promote stemness characteristics in mouse embryonic stem cells via mglu5 metabotropic glutamate receptors? |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3584439/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23508940 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT meamarrokhsareh couldmdmapromotestemnesscharacteristicsinmouseembryonicstemcellsviamglu5metabotropicglutamatereceptors AT karamalifereshte couldmdmapromotestemnesscharacteristicsinmouseembryonicstemcellsviamglu5metabotropicglutamatereceptors AT mousaviseyedali couldmdmapromotestemnesscharacteristicsinmouseembryonicstemcellsviamglu5metabotropicglutamatereceptors AT baharvandhossein couldmdmapromotestemnesscharacteristicsinmouseembryonicstemcellsviamglu5metabotropicglutamatereceptors AT nasresfahanimohammadhossein couldmdmapromotestemnesscharacteristicsinmouseembryonicstemcellsviamglu5metabotropicglutamatereceptors |