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Classification of radiation effects for dose limitation purposes: history, current situation and future prospects

Radiation exposure causes cancer and non-cancer health effects, each of which differs greatly in the shape of the dose–response curve, latency, persistency, recurrence, curability, fatality and impact on quality of life. In recent decades, for dose limitation purposes, the International Commission o...

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Autores principales: Hamada, Nobuyuki, Fujimichi, Yuki
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: Oxford University Press 2014
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4100010/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24794798
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rru019
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author Hamada, Nobuyuki
Fujimichi, Yuki
author_facet Hamada, Nobuyuki
Fujimichi, Yuki
author_sort Hamada, Nobuyuki
collection PubMed
description Radiation exposure causes cancer and non-cancer health effects, each of which differs greatly in the shape of the dose–response curve, latency, persistency, recurrence, curability, fatality and impact on quality of life. In recent decades, for dose limitation purposes, the International Commission on Radiological Protection has divided such diverse effects into tissue reactions (formerly termed non-stochastic and deterministic effects) and stochastic effects. On the one hand, effective dose limits aim to reduce the risks of stochastic effects (cancer/heritable effects) and are based on the detriment-adjusted nominal risk coefficients, assuming a linear-non-threshold dose response and a dose and dose rate effectiveness factor of 2. On the other hand, equivalent dose limits aim to avoid tissue reactions (vision-impairing cataracts and cosmetically unacceptable non-cancer skin changes) and are based on a threshold dose. However, the boundary between these two categories is becoming vague. Thus, we review the changes in radiation effect classification, dose limitation concepts, and the definition of detriment and threshold. Then, the current situation is overviewed focusing on (i) stochastic effects with a threshold, (ii) tissue reactions without a threshold, (iii) target organs/tissues for circulatory disease, (iv) dose levels for limitation of cancer risks vs prevention of non-life-threatening tissue reactions vs prevention of life-threatening tissue reactions, (v) mortality or incidence of thyroid cancer, and (vi) the detriment for tissue reactions. For future discussion, one approach is suggested that classifies radiation effects according to whether effects are life threatening, and radiobiological research needs are also briefly discussed.
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spelling pubmed-41000102014-08-12 Classification of radiation effects for dose limitation purposes: history, current situation and future prospects Hamada, Nobuyuki Fujimichi, Yuki J Radiat Res Reviews Radiation exposure causes cancer and non-cancer health effects, each of which differs greatly in the shape of the dose–response curve, latency, persistency, recurrence, curability, fatality and impact on quality of life. In recent decades, for dose limitation purposes, the International Commission on Radiological Protection has divided such diverse effects into tissue reactions (formerly termed non-stochastic and deterministic effects) and stochastic effects. On the one hand, effective dose limits aim to reduce the risks of stochastic effects (cancer/heritable effects) and are based on the detriment-adjusted nominal risk coefficients, assuming a linear-non-threshold dose response and a dose and dose rate effectiveness factor of 2. On the other hand, equivalent dose limits aim to avoid tissue reactions (vision-impairing cataracts and cosmetically unacceptable non-cancer skin changes) and are based on a threshold dose. However, the boundary between these two categories is becoming vague. Thus, we review the changes in radiation effect classification, dose limitation concepts, and the definition of detriment and threshold. Then, the current situation is overviewed focusing on (i) stochastic effects with a threshold, (ii) tissue reactions without a threshold, (iii) target organs/tissues for circulatory disease, (iv) dose levels for limitation of cancer risks vs prevention of non-life-threatening tissue reactions vs prevention of life-threatening tissue reactions, (v) mortality or incidence of thyroid cancer, and (vi) the detriment for tissue reactions. For future discussion, one approach is suggested that classifies radiation effects according to whether effects are life threatening, and radiobiological research needs are also briefly discussed. Oxford University Press 2014-07 2014-05-03 /pmc/articles/PMC4100010/ /pubmed/24794798 http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rru019 Text en © The Author 2014. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of The Japan Radiation Research Society and Japanese Society for Radiation Oncology. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted reuse, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
spellingShingle Reviews
Hamada, Nobuyuki
Fujimichi, Yuki
Classification of radiation effects for dose limitation purposes: history, current situation and future prospects
title Classification of radiation effects for dose limitation purposes: history, current situation and future prospects
title_full Classification of radiation effects for dose limitation purposes: history, current situation and future prospects
title_fullStr Classification of radiation effects for dose limitation purposes: history, current situation and future prospects
title_full_unstemmed Classification of radiation effects for dose limitation purposes: history, current situation and future prospects
title_short Classification of radiation effects for dose limitation purposes: history, current situation and future prospects
title_sort classification of radiation effects for dose limitation purposes: history, current situation and future prospects
topic Reviews
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4100010/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24794798
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jrr/rru019
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