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Clostridium difficile Modulates the Gut Microbiota by Inducing the Production of Indole, an Interkingdom Signaling and Antimicrobial Molecule
Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile infection (CDI) is associated with dysbiosis. C. difficile has a characteristic propensity to persist and recur 1 to 4 weeks after treatment, but the mechanism is unknown. We hypothesized that C. difficile may persist by manipulating the intestinal microenviron...
Autores principales: | , , , |
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Formato: | Online Artículo Texto |
Lenguaje: | English |
Publicado: |
American Society for Microbiology
2019
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Materias: | |
Acceso en línea: | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6426650/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30944877 http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00346-18 |
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author | Darkoh, Charles Plants-Paris, Kimberly Bishoff, Dayna DuPont, Herbert L. |
author_facet | Darkoh, Charles Plants-Paris, Kimberly Bishoff, Dayna DuPont, Herbert L. |
author_sort | Darkoh, Charles |
collection | PubMed |
description | Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile infection (CDI) is associated with dysbiosis. C. difficile has a characteristic propensity to persist and recur 1 to 4 weeks after treatment, but the mechanism is unknown. We hypothesized that C. difficile may persist by manipulating the intestinal microenvironment, thereby hampering gut microbiota reconstitution following antibiotic-mediated dysbiosis. By screening stools from CDI patients for unique markers, a metabolite identified to be indole by mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was identified. The average fecal indole concentration detected in CDI patients (n = 216; mean, 1,684.0 ± 84.4 µM) was significantly higher than in stools of patients with non-C. difficile diarrhea (n = 204; mean, 762.8 ± 53.8 µM). Certain intestinal bacteria, but not C. difficile, produce indole, a potent antimicrobial antioxidant. Remarkably, C. difficile induced other indole-producing gut microbes to produce increasing amounts of indole. Furthermore, a C. difficile accessory gene regulator 1 quorum sensing system mutant cannot induce indole, but complementation of the mutant strain with the wild-type gene restored its ability to induce indole production. Indole tolerance assays indicated that the amount of indole required to inhibit growth of most gut-protective bacteria was within the range detected in the CDI stools. We think that a high indole level limits the growth of beneficial indole-sensitive bacteria in the colon and alters colonization resistance and this might allow C. difficile to proliferate and persist. Together, these results reveal a unique mechanism of C. difficile persistence and provide insight into complex interactions and chemical warfare among the gut microbiota. IMPORTANCE Clostridium difficile infection is the leading cause of hospital-acquired and antibiotic-associated diarrhea worldwide. C. difficile flourishes in the colon after the diversity of the beneficial and protective gut microbiota have been altered by antibiotic therapy. C. difficile tends to persist, as does dysbiosis, encouraging recurrence a few days to weeks after treatment, and this further complicates treatment options. Here, we show that C. difficile might persist by manipulating the indigenous microbiota to produce indole, a bioactive molecule that inhibits the growth and reconstitution of the protective gut microbiota during infection. This discovery may explain a unique strategy C. difficile uses to control other bacteria in the colon and provide insight into the complex interactions and chemical warfare among the gut microbiota. |
format | Online Article Text |
id | pubmed-6426650 |
institution | National Center for Biotechnology Information |
language | English |
publishDate | 2019 |
publisher | American Society for Microbiology |
record_format | MEDLINE/PubMed |
spelling | pubmed-64266502019-04-03 Clostridium difficile Modulates the Gut Microbiota by Inducing the Production of Indole, an Interkingdom Signaling and Antimicrobial Molecule Darkoh, Charles Plants-Paris, Kimberly Bishoff, Dayna DuPont, Herbert L. mSystems Research Article Clostridium (Clostridioides) difficile infection (CDI) is associated with dysbiosis. C. difficile has a characteristic propensity to persist and recur 1 to 4 weeks after treatment, but the mechanism is unknown. We hypothesized that C. difficile may persist by manipulating the intestinal microenvironment, thereby hampering gut microbiota reconstitution following antibiotic-mediated dysbiosis. By screening stools from CDI patients for unique markers, a metabolite identified to be indole by mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was identified. The average fecal indole concentration detected in CDI patients (n = 216; mean, 1,684.0 ± 84.4 µM) was significantly higher than in stools of patients with non-C. difficile diarrhea (n = 204; mean, 762.8 ± 53.8 µM). Certain intestinal bacteria, but not C. difficile, produce indole, a potent antimicrobial antioxidant. Remarkably, C. difficile induced other indole-producing gut microbes to produce increasing amounts of indole. Furthermore, a C. difficile accessory gene regulator 1 quorum sensing system mutant cannot induce indole, but complementation of the mutant strain with the wild-type gene restored its ability to induce indole production. Indole tolerance assays indicated that the amount of indole required to inhibit growth of most gut-protective bacteria was within the range detected in the CDI stools. We think that a high indole level limits the growth of beneficial indole-sensitive bacteria in the colon and alters colonization resistance and this might allow C. difficile to proliferate and persist. Together, these results reveal a unique mechanism of C. difficile persistence and provide insight into complex interactions and chemical warfare among the gut microbiota. IMPORTANCE Clostridium difficile infection is the leading cause of hospital-acquired and antibiotic-associated diarrhea worldwide. C. difficile flourishes in the colon after the diversity of the beneficial and protective gut microbiota have been altered by antibiotic therapy. C. difficile tends to persist, as does dysbiosis, encouraging recurrence a few days to weeks after treatment, and this further complicates treatment options. Here, we show that C. difficile might persist by manipulating the indigenous microbiota to produce indole, a bioactive molecule that inhibits the growth and reconstitution of the protective gut microbiota during infection. This discovery may explain a unique strategy C. difficile uses to control other bacteria in the colon and provide insight into the complex interactions and chemical warfare among the gut microbiota. American Society for Microbiology 2019-03-19 /pmc/articles/PMC6426650/ /pubmed/30944877 http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00346-18 Text en Copyright © 2019 Darkoh et al. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . |
spellingShingle | Research Article Darkoh, Charles Plants-Paris, Kimberly Bishoff, Dayna DuPont, Herbert L. Clostridium difficile Modulates the Gut Microbiota by Inducing the Production of Indole, an Interkingdom Signaling and Antimicrobial Molecule |
title | Clostridium difficile Modulates the Gut Microbiota by Inducing the Production of Indole, an Interkingdom Signaling and Antimicrobial Molecule |
title_full | Clostridium difficile Modulates the Gut Microbiota by Inducing the Production of Indole, an Interkingdom Signaling and Antimicrobial Molecule |
title_fullStr | Clostridium difficile Modulates the Gut Microbiota by Inducing the Production of Indole, an Interkingdom Signaling and Antimicrobial Molecule |
title_full_unstemmed | Clostridium difficile Modulates the Gut Microbiota by Inducing the Production of Indole, an Interkingdom Signaling and Antimicrobial Molecule |
title_short | Clostridium difficile Modulates the Gut Microbiota by Inducing the Production of Indole, an Interkingdom Signaling and Antimicrobial Molecule |
title_sort | clostridium difficile modulates the gut microbiota by inducing the production of indole, an interkingdom signaling and antimicrobial molecule |
topic | Research Article |
url | https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6426650/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30944877 http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mSystems.00346-18 |
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