Analysis of Multiple-Access Discrimination Techniques for the Development of a PSD-Based VLP System

There are several technologies and techniques available when developing indoor positioning systems (IPS). Recently, the development of positioning systems based on optical signals has aroused great interest, mainly those using visible light from the lighting infrastructure. In this work, we analyze...

Descripción completa

Detalles Bibliográficos
Autores principales: De-La-Llana-Calvo, Álvaro, Lázaro-Galilea, José-Luis, Gardel-Vicente, Alfredo, Rodríguez-Navarro, David, Rubiano-Muriel, Borja, Bravo-Muñoz, Ignacio
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2020
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7146759/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32204410
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061717
_version_ 1783520275491454976
author De-La-Llana-Calvo, Álvaro
Lázaro-Galilea, José-Luis
Gardel-Vicente, Alfredo
Rodríguez-Navarro, David
Rubiano-Muriel, Borja
Bravo-Muñoz, Ignacio
author_facet De-La-Llana-Calvo, Álvaro
Lázaro-Galilea, José-Luis
Gardel-Vicente, Alfredo
Rodríguez-Navarro, David
Rubiano-Muriel, Borja
Bravo-Muñoz, Ignacio
author_sort De-La-Llana-Calvo, Álvaro
collection PubMed
description There are several technologies and techniques available when developing indoor positioning systems (IPS). Recently, the development of positioning systems based on optical signals has aroused great interest, mainly those using visible light from the lighting infrastructure. In this work, we analyze which techniques give better results to lay the foundations for the development of a Visible Light Positioning system (VLP). Working only with a receiver, it is analyzed what the result of determining the position of different emitters is when they emit simultaneously and without any synchronism. The results obtained by Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) (with digital bandpass filters, I/Q demodulation, and FFT) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) are compared. The interference between signals when emitted simultaneously from multiple emitters is analyzed as well as the errors they cause and how these effects can be mitigated. As a result of the research, the advantages and disadvantages using different multiple-access determination techniques are determined. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of using FDMA and CDMA techniques as well as hardware requirements that make one more feasible than the other are presented. The system behavior, in terms of errors, is established using FDMA and different configurations such as: I/Q, RMS, or FFT. The work also determines the error rates that can be obtained with the different FDMA and CDMA configurations, considering different error scenarios and integration time. Synthetic emulations and empirical tests were performed, which concluded that IPS systems based on optical signals and PSD sensors can achieve very high measurement accuracies and a high measurement rate. Obtained positioning errors in a room of 3 m height are less than 1 cm when working in noisy environments.
format Online
Article
Text
id pubmed-7146759
institution National Center for Biotechnology Information
language English
publishDate 2020
publisher MDPI
record_format MEDLINE/PubMed
spelling pubmed-71467592020-04-20 Analysis of Multiple-Access Discrimination Techniques for the Development of a PSD-Based VLP System De-La-Llana-Calvo, Álvaro Lázaro-Galilea, José-Luis Gardel-Vicente, Alfredo Rodríguez-Navarro, David Rubiano-Muriel, Borja Bravo-Muñoz, Ignacio Sensors (Basel) Article There are several technologies and techniques available when developing indoor positioning systems (IPS). Recently, the development of positioning systems based on optical signals has aroused great interest, mainly those using visible light from the lighting infrastructure. In this work, we analyze which techniques give better results to lay the foundations for the development of a Visible Light Positioning system (VLP). Working only with a receiver, it is analyzed what the result of determining the position of different emitters is when they emit simultaneously and without any synchronism. The results obtained by Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) (with digital bandpass filters, I/Q demodulation, and FFT) and Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) are compared. The interference between signals when emitted simultaneously from multiple emitters is analyzed as well as the errors they cause and how these effects can be mitigated. As a result of the research, the advantages and disadvantages using different multiple-access determination techniques are determined. In addition, advantages and disadvantages of using FDMA and CDMA techniques as well as hardware requirements that make one more feasible than the other are presented. The system behavior, in terms of errors, is established using FDMA and different configurations such as: I/Q, RMS, or FFT. The work also determines the error rates that can be obtained with the different FDMA and CDMA configurations, considering different error scenarios and integration time. Synthetic emulations and empirical tests were performed, which concluded that IPS systems based on optical signals and PSD sensors can achieve very high measurement accuracies and a high measurement rate. Obtained positioning errors in a room of 3 m height are less than 1 cm when working in noisy environments. MDPI 2020-03-19 /pmc/articles/PMC7146759/ /pubmed/32204410 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061717 Text en © 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
De-La-Llana-Calvo, Álvaro
Lázaro-Galilea, José-Luis
Gardel-Vicente, Alfredo
Rodríguez-Navarro, David
Rubiano-Muriel, Borja
Bravo-Muñoz, Ignacio
Analysis of Multiple-Access Discrimination Techniques for the Development of a PSD-Based VLP System
title Analysis of Multiple-Access Discrimination Techniques for the Development of a PSD-Based VLP System
title_full Analysis of Multiple-Access Discrimination Techniques for the Development of a PSD-Based VLP System
title_fullStr Analysis of Multiple-Access Discrimination Techniques for the Development of a PSD-Based VLP System
title_full_unstemmed Analysis of Multiple-Access Discrimination Techniques for the Development of a PSD-Based VLP System
title_short Analysis of Multiple-Access Discrimination Techniques for the Development of a PSD-Based VLP System
title_sort analysis of multiple-access discrimination techniques for the development of a psd-based vlp system
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7146759/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32204410
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s20061717
work_keys_str_mv AT delallanacalvoalvaro analysisofmultipleaccessdiscriminationtechniquesforthedevelopmentofapsdbasedvlpsystem
AT lazarogalileajoseluis analysisofmultipleaccessdiscriminationtechniquesforthedevelopmentofapsdbasedvlpsystem
AT gardelvicentealfredo analysisofmultipleaccessdiscriminationtechniquesforthedevelopmentofapsdbasedvlpsystem
AT rodrigueznavarrodavid analysisofmultipleaccessdiscriminationtechniquesforthedevelopmentofapsdbasedvlpsystem
AT rubianomurielborja analysisofmultipleaccessdiscriminationtechniquesforthedevelopmentofapsdbasedvlpsystem
AT bravomunozignacio analysisofmultipleaccessdiscriminationtechniquesforthedevelopmentofapsdbasedvlpsystem