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Attachment Representations in Children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children is associated with several adverse family characteristics, such as higher parenting stress, more conflicted parent–child relationships, lower parental competence, and higher levels of parental psychopathology. Hence, children with ADHD more...

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Autores principales: Dekkers, Tycho J., Hornstra, Rianne, van den Hoofdakker, Barbara J., de Jong, Suzanne R. C., Schaaf, Jessica V., Bosmans, Guy, van der Oord, Saskia
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: MDPI 2021
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8615467/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34827515
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111516
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author Dekkers, Tycho J.
Hornstra, Rianne
van den Hoofdakker, Barbara J.
de Jong, Suzanne R. C.
Schaaf, Jessica V.
Bosmans, Guy
van der Oord, Saskia
author_facet Dekkers, Tycho J.
Hornstra, Rianne
van den Hoofdakker, Barbara J.
de Jong, Suzanne R. C.
Schaaf, Jessica V.
Bosmans, Guy
van der Oord, Saskia
author_sort Dekkers, Tycho J.
collection PubMed
description Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children is associated with several adverse family characteristics, such as higher parenting stress, more conflicted parent–child relationships, lower parental competence, and higher levels of parental psychopathology. Hence, children with ADHD more often grow up under suboptimal circumstances, which may impact the development of their attachment representations. Here, we investigated whether children with ADHD have more insecure and disorganized attachment representations than their typically developing peers, and which factors could explain this association. We included 104 children between 4 and 11 years old, 74 with ADHD (without Conduct Disorder) and 30 typically developing control children. Children completed a state-of-the-art story stem task to assess their attachment representation, and we measured parents’ expressed emotion (as an index of parent–child relationship quality), parents’ perceived sense of competence, parental education levels, and parent-rated ODD symptoms of the child. We found that, after controlling for multiple comparisons, children with ADHD had less secure and more ambivalent and disorganized attachment representations relative to their typically developing peers. These group differences were independent of comorbid ODD and parental education levels. There were no group differences on avoidant attachment representations. Explorative analyses within the ADHD group showed that attachment representations were not related to parent–child relationship quality, perceived parenting competence, parental education levels, and comorbid ODD symptoms. We conclude that children with ADHD disproportionately often have attachment problems. Although this conclusion is important, treatment implications of this co-occurrence are yet unclear as research on ADHD and attachment is still in its infancy.
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spelling pubmed-86154672021-11-26 Attachment Representations in Children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Dekkers, Tycho J. Hornstra, Rianne van den Hoofdakker, Barbara J. de Jong, Suzanne R. C. Schaaf, Jessica V. Bosmans, Guy van der Oord, Saskia Brain Sci Article Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in children is associated with several adverse family characteristics, such as higher parenting stress, more conflicted parent–child relationships, lower parental competence, and higher levels of parental psychopathology. Hence, children with ADHD more often grow up under suboptimal circumstances, which may impact the development of their attachment representations. Here, we investigated whether children with ADHD have more insecure and disorganized attachment representations than their typically developing peers, and which factors could explain this association. We included 104 children between 4 and 11 years old, 74 with ADHD (without Conduct Disorder) and 30 typically developing control children. Children completed a state-of-the-art story stem task to assess their attachment representation, and we measured parents’ expressed emotion (as an index of parent–child relationship quality), parents’ perceived sense of competence, parental education levels, and parent-rated ODD symptoms of the child. We found that, after controlling for multiple comparisons, children with ADHD had less secure and more ambivalent and disorganized attachment representations relative to their typically developing peers. These group differences were independent of comorbid ODD and parental education levels. There were no group differences on avoidant attachment representations. Explorative analyses within the ADHD group showed that attachment representations were not related to parent–child relationship quality, perceived parenting competence, parental education levels, and comorbid ODD symptoms. We conclude that children with ADHD disproportionately often have attachment problems. Although this conclusion is important, treatment implications of this co-occurrence are yet unclear as research on ADHD and attachment is still in its infancy. MDPI 2021-11-16 /pmc/articles/PMC8615467/ /pubmed/34827515 http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111516 Text en © 2021 by the authors. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
spellingShingle Article
Dekkers, Tycho J.
Hornstra, Rianne
van den Hoofdakker, Barbara J.
de Jong, Suzanne R. C.
Schaaf, Jessica V.
Bosmans, Guy
van der Oord, Saskia
Attachment Representations in Children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
title Attachment Representations in Children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
title_full Attachment Representations in Children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
title_fullStr Attachment Representations in Children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
title_full_unstemmed Attachment Representations in Children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
title_short Attachment Representations in Children with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
title_sort attachment representations in children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (adhd)
topic Article
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8615467/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34827515
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111516
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