Safety assessment of graphene oxide and microcystin-LR complex: a toxicological scenario beyond physical mixture

BACKGROUND: Nanomaterials have been widely used in electrochemistry, sensors, medicine among others applications, causing its inevitable environmental exposure. A raising question is the “carrier” effect due to unique surface properties of nanomaterials, which may collectively impact the bioavailabi...

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Autores principales: Ma, Ying, Ding, Xiaomeng, Liu, Qing, Pang, Yanting, Cao, Yuna, Zhang, Ting
Formato: Online Artículo Texto
Lenguaje:English
Publicado: BioMed Central 2022
Materias:
Acceso en línea:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8988332/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35392949
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12989-022-00466-x
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author Ma, Ying
Ding, Xiaomeng
Liu, Qing
Pang, Yanting
Cao, Yuna
Zhang, Ting
author_facet Ma, Ying
Ding, Xiaomeng
Liu, Qing
Pang, Yanting
Cao, Yuna
Zhang, Ting
author_sort Ma, Ying
collection PubMed
description BACKGROUND: Nanomaterials have been widely used in electrochemistry, sensors, medicine among others applications, causing its inevitable environmental exposure. A raising question is the “carrier” effect due to unique surface properties of nanomaterials, which may collectively impact the bioavailability, toxicokinetic, distribution and biological effects of classic toxicants. Noteworthy, this aspect of information remains largely unexplored. METHODS: Here, we deliberately selected two entities to mimic this scenario. One is graphene oxide (GO), which is made in ton quantity with huge surface-area that provides hydrophilicity and π–π interaction to certain chemicals of unique structures. The other is Microcystin-LR (MCLR), a representative double-bond rich liver-toxic endotoxin widely distributed in aquatic-system. Firstly, the adsorption of GO and MCLR after meeting under environmental conditions was explored, and then we focused on the toxicological effect and related mechanism of GO-MCLR complex on human skin cutin forming cells (HaCaT cells) and normal liver cells (L02 cells). RESULTS: Abiotically, our study demonstrated that GO could effectively adsorb MCLR through hydrogen bonding and π–π interaction, the oxidation degree of GO-MCLR decreased significantly and surface defect level raised. Compared to GO or MCLR, GO-MCLR was found to induce more remarkable apoptosis and ferroptosis in both HaCaT and L02 cells. The underlying mechanism was that GO-MCLR induced stronger intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mtROS generation, followed by Fe(2+) accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction and cytoskeletal damage. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the GO-MCLR complex formed by GO adsorption of MCLR may exhibit more toxic effects than the single material, which demonstrates the necessity for assessing nano-toxicant complexity. Our discovery may serve as a new toxicological paradigm in which nanomaterial mediated surface adsorption effects could impact the degree of cytotoxicity and toxicological mechanisms of classic toxins. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-022-00466-x.
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spelling pubmed-89883322022-04-08 Safety assessment of graphene oxide and microcystin-LR complex: a toxicological scenario beyond physical mixture Ma, Ying Ding, Xiaomeng Liu, Qing Pang, Yanting Cao, Yuna Zhang, Ting Part Fibre Toxicol Research BACKGROUND: Nanomaterials have been widely used in electrochemistry, sensors, medicine among others applications, causing its inevitable environmental exposure. A raising question is the “carrier” effect due to unique surface properties of nanomaterials, which may collectively impact the bioavailability, toxicokinetic, distribution and biological effects of classic toxicants. Noteworthy, this aspect of information remains largely unexplored. METHODS: Here, we deliberately selected two entities to mimic this scenario. One is graphene oxide (GO), which is made in ton quantity with huge surface-area that provides hydrophilicity and π–π interaction to certain chemicals of unique structures. The other is Microcystin-LR (MCLR), a representative double-bond rich liver-toxic endotoxin widely distributed in aquatic-system. Firstly, the adsorption of GO and MCLR after meeting under environmental conditions was explored, and then we focused on the toxicological effect and related mechanism of GO-MCLR complex on human skin cutin forming cells (HaCaT cells) and normal liver cells (L02 cells). RESULTS: Abiotically, our study demonstrated that GO could effectively adsorb MCLR through hydrogen bonding and π–π interaction, the oxidation degree of GO-MCLR decreased significantly and surface defect level raised. Compared to GO or MCLR, GO-MCLR was found to induce more remarkable apoptosis and ferroptosis in both HaCaT and L02 cells. The underlying mechanism was that GO-MCLR induced stronger intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mtROS generation, followed by Fe(2+) accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction and cytoskeletal damage. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the GO-MCLR complex formed by GO adsorption of MCLR may exhibit more toxic effects than the single material, which demonstrates the necessity for assessing nano-toxicant complexity. Our discovery may serve as a new toxicological paradigm in which nanomaterial mediated surface adsorption effects could impact the degree of cytotoxicity and toxicological mechanisms of classic toxins. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: [Image: see text] SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12989-022-00466-x. BioMed Central 2022-04-07 /pmc/articles/PMC8988332/ /pubmed/35392949 http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12989-022-00466-x Text en © The Author(s) 2022 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) . The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/ (https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.
spellingShingle Research
Ma, Ying
Ding, Xiaomeng
Liu, Qing
Pang, Yanting
Cao, Yuna
Zhang, Ting
Safety assessment of graphene oxide and microcystin-LR complex: a toxicological scenario beyond physical mixture
title Safety assessment of graphene oxide and microcystin-LR complex: a toxicological scenario beyond physical mixture
title_full Safety assessment of graphene oxide and microcystin-LR complex: a toxicological scenario beyond physical mixture
title_fullStr Safety assessment of graphene oxide and microcystin-LR complex: a toxicological scenario beyond physical mixture
title_full_unstemmed Safety assessment of graphene oxide and microcystin-LR complex: a toxicological scenario beyond physical mixture
title_short Safety assessment of graphene oxide and microcystin-LR complex: a toxicological scenario beyond physical mixture
title_sort safety assessment of graphene oxide and microcystin-lr complex: a toxicological scenario beyond physical mixture
topic Research
url https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8988332/
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35392949
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12989-022-00466-x
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